10th Modern World History - 1st Semester review Flashcards
(139 cards)
0
Q
Why were more than 40 percent of enslaved Africans brought to Brazil?
A- sugar plantation owners wanted cheap labor
B- English could trade for more goods there
C- they could not return to Africa from Brazil
D- closer to Africa than West Indies or North America
A
A- cheap labor needed
1
Q
How did capitalism + money change power structures with countries?
A
- Kings and country’s power went to merchants and shareholders
- similar to Italy and the Silk Road
2
Q
Triangular trade routes connected A- Americas, China and India B- Africa, Americas and Japan C. Americas, Europe and Africa D- Endland, Spain, Portugal and China
A
C - Americas, Europe and Africa
3
Q
A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.
A
Joint stock company
4
Q
Trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances.
A
Mercantilism
5
Q
What impact did the Columbian Exchange have
A- led to a decline in world trade
B- caused many joint-stock companies to go bankrupt
C- brought diseases from So America and No America
D- Introduced new plants and animals to East and West
A
D- introduced new plants and animals
6
Q
Why did the Europeans see Africans as a better source of labor than Native Americans?
A- Africans were already Christians so no conversion needed
B- Africans had immunity to disease
C- Africans were not farmers so they wouldn’t try to take control
D- Africans would not have allies or places to hide in the Americas
A
D- No allies or places to hide
7
Q
What prompted a wave of new businesses and trade practices in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s?
A- people pooling their wealth for a common purpose
B- new wealth from Americas and growth of overseas trade
C- global transfer of foods, plants, and animals
D- European countries becoming able to sell more goods than bought
A
B- new wealth and growing overseas trade
8
Q
How was Africa affected by the Atlantic slave trade?
A- African countries prospered
B- Many cultures lost fittest members, and families torn apart
C- Safer countries after criminals traded away
D- Kings able to stop rebellions with firearms received in trade
A
B
9
Q
How were the settlements of Jamestown and Plymouth different?
A- Jamestown - religious freedom. Plymouth - fur trade
B- Jamestown - find gold. Plymouth - religious freedom
C- Jamestown - missionary work. Plymouth - find gold
D- Jamestown - different Europeans. Plymouth - only EnglishB
A
B
10
Q
After Coronado’s exploration of what is now the southwest U.S., …………
A- Spain sent missionaries to explore and convert natives
B- more soldiers arrived to search for gold as Coronado had
C- King of Spain decided not to include New Mexico in Spain’s empire
D- Barolome de Las Casas argued against further exploration by conquistadors
A
A - missionaries were sent
11
Q
Crossed the Atlantic Ocean and got valuable spices from the east
A
Magellan
12
Q
An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
A
Capitalism
13
Q
What led to conflict between the Native Americans and English colonies?
A- English demanded too many trading rights
B- English seized land for their people and farms
C- English forced trade only with them
D- English brought diseases that killed many Native Americans
A
B- land seizures
14
Q
Discovered America
A
Columbus
15
Q
What was the purpose of most of the joint-stock companies of the 1500s and 1600s?
A- funding colonies in the Americas
B- Paying for the building of slave ships
C- financing colonial wars in Africa and Asis
D- funding the digging of gold and silver mines
A
A- funding colonies
16
Q
According to the policy of mercantilism, how could a nation increase its wealth?
A- centering its wealth and power in its government
B- buying more goods than it sells to other countries
C- selling more goods than it buys
D- spreading its wealth and power among private individuals
A
C- selling more that it buys.
17
Q
A Multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.
A
Triangular trade
18
Q
He led to the rounding of Africa and the establishment of sea routes to the Indies
A
Prince Henry
19
Q
Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic in search of
A- trade route to Asia
B- continents Europeans had not seen before
C- gold and silver rumored to be owned by the Incas
D- a way to sail around North and South America
A
A - trade route to Asia
20
Q
Lead an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire
A
Herman Cortes
21
Q
Why was Bartolome de Las Casas significant in the 1500s?
A- Visited King of England to protest Native American treatment
B- started a colony in current New Mexico based on equality of all
C- argued against Native American abuse..Proposed us of Africans
Did- Led well-organized uprising vs Spanish to protest Indian treatment.
A
C
22
Q
How did Muslim control of the Silk Road force European Atlantic exploration ?
A
- Required them to sail around Africa to get to Asia
- Columbus found faster route to Asia by going west while proving the world wasn’t flat
23
Q
What was the main economic activity in New France?
A- building a fur trade
B- finding gold and spices
C- finding religious freedom
D- creating long-term colonial investments
A
A - fur trade
24
A system of production, resource allocation, and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area
Economic systems
25
What was one effect in Europe of the financial success of the American colonies?
A=. Prices of goods increased
B- prices of goods decreased
C- supply of goods increased to meet demand
D- Both prices and supply of goods increased
A- prices increased
26
Why did the English want to take control of New Netherlands?
A - Dutch and English were enemies
B- English wanted to control Hudson Bay and fur trade
C- New Netherlands separated England's northern and southern colonies
D- As they pushed into continent, they collided with it
C - separated north and south.
27
Why did the French, English, and Dutch explore North America?
A- wanted to conquer the Aztecs
B- wanted to help Portugal resist the Spanish empire
C- wanted to convert Native Americans to Catholism
D- wanted to find a direct sea route to the Pacific and Aisa.
D- sea route to Asia
28
Europeans took slaves in Africa by
A- using armies to capture people
B- trading for them with African rulers and merchants
C- tricking people with stories of great wealth in West Indies
D- offering to remove convicted criminals in African kingdoms
B - trading with rulers and merchants
29
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What did the encomienda system provide for New Spain?
A- more land
B- more soldiers
C- military protection
D- a cheap labor source
```
D - cheap labor source
30
What factors helped the Spanish defeat the Aztecs?
A- gold, aid from some Aztecs, and disease
B- better weapons, aid from other natives and diseases
C- better weapons, Montezuma's belief Cortez was a god, black soldiers
D- aid from native groups, immunity to diseases, and black soldiers
B- better weapons, help from other natives, and diseases
31
Who was Cosimo de Medici?
Head of the Medici family bank. Wealthiest European of his time. Controlled the government of Florence.
32
How did Islam play a central role in the Renaissance?
??? Aug 19/22
The Ottoman and ________ empires established an environment where the arts, sciences and society advanced rapidly. A Renaissance.
33
```
What was the main reason for Henry VIII's split with the Roman Catholic Church?
A- his religious beliefs
B- his desire for a male heir
C- his treatment of Catherine of Aragon
D- his unwillingness to pay Church taxes
```
B- his desire for a male heir
34
What were the three great Muslim empires?
Ottoman in Turkey
Persian
Mughals in India
35
A person who produces work in the vernacular is one who
A- relies on realism
B- uses only natural light
C- uses a verse form of writing
D- writes in a local, rather than a classical language such as Latin
D- writes in a local, rather than a classical language such as Latin
36
To the humanists, a utopia as a place where __________.
A- there is no sin
B- everyone is an artist
C- women are educated and treated as equals to men
D- greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out
D- greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out
37
How were the cultural achievements of Suleyman's reign similar to those of the European Renaissance?
A- art and literature flourished
B- artists worked solely for the church
C- artists rejected foreign influences in their work
D- scientific achievement was valued over artistic achievement
A- art and literature flourished
38
How did Martin Luther's ideas encourage German peasants to revolt?
A- Peasants believed that Luther's ideas included the end of serfdom.
B- Peasants believed that Luther's ideas included overthrowing the monarchy.
C - Peasants believed that Luther's ideas included revolting against the Church
D- Peasants believed that Luther's ideas included revolting against the monarchy.
A- Peasants believed that Luther's ideas included the end of serfdom.
39
What defined a "Renaissance Man"?
Someone who excelled in many fields.
Ex- Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, etc.
40
In what ways was Leonard da Vinci representative of the Reaniassance Man?
A- lived in Italy during the 1500s
B- was a painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist
C- painted the Mona Lisa as a scientific experiment
D- invented the technique of perspective in two-dimensional art
B- was a painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist
41
Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More both _____________________.
A- were considered humanists
B- rejected religion and the Bible
C- worked for the rights of women in Renaissance society
D- believed that Renaissance Europe was a utopian society
A- were considered humanists
42
Which event most affected the rise of the Italian city-states?
Crusades and the resulting trade.
43
```
The Renaissance marked the rebirth of
A- art and learning
B- Christian devotion
C- chivalry and the crusades
D- good health after the plague
```
A- art and learning
44
What is writing in the vernacular and which medieval writer first used the technique?
Using the native language rather than Latin. Dante
45
How did Italy's location help it become the birthplace of the Renaissance?
A- protected from the rest of Europe by the Alps
B- bubonic plague had not reached the southern tip of Europe
C- Italians had access to the classical heritages of Rome and Greece
D- Ideas could spread easily via the large Italian fleet of ships
C- Italians had access to the classical heritages of Rome and Greece
46
Describe geographical, social, economic, and political reasons the Renaissance began in Italy
Geographical - key location associated with trade routes.
Social - City-States
Economic - Wealthy merchants could fund the artists
Political -
47
Explain what was "counter" about the Catholic Reformation
???
48
The Council of Trent agreed that
A- Christians needed only faith for salvation
B- the Church's interpretation of the Bible is final
C- priests cannot pardon sinners for committing sins
D- the bible is the only authority for guiding Christian life
B- the Church's interpretation of the Bible is final
49
What did Mehmed II do after he conquered Constantinople?
A- He built the Hagia Sophia
B- He captured Cairo, Mecca, and Medina
C- He forced Christian inhabitants to convert to Muslim
D- He opened the city to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds
D- He opened the city to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds
50
How were the Anabaptists a Protestant religion?
What made their religion unique?
Why were they persecuted by other religious groups, including Protestants?
Protestants believed the Bible to be the source of all religious truth. Which is what the Anabaptists believed.
- They thought you must be baptized as an adult, refused to fight in wars, shared their possessions, and thought state and church should be separate.
- Both Catholics and Protestants saw them as radicals who threatened society.
51
How did the Renaissance revolutionize European art and thought?
Humanist thought turned art toward writing, painting and sculptor of the people and events of the time.
52
What is "perspective" used in art?
Use of a spot on the horizon called the vanishing point and parallel lines stretching away from the viewer to give depth to art.
53
As a result of studying classical texts, humanists in the Renaissance began to focus on
A- Roman law and government
B- human potential and achievements
C- an understanding of early Christianity
D- an understanding of the ancient Muslim values
B- human potential and achievements
54
Why was Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?
```
1- thriving cities due to trade
2- wealthy merchant class
3- classical heritage of Greece and Rome
```
55
How did Protestant teachings lead to the forming of new religious groups?
A- taught that the Church should be divided into many groups
B- was a theocracy in which each priest could make his own rules
C- differences in belief led to new groups being formed
D- believed in predestination
C- differences in belief led to new groups being formed
56
What was the practice of selling indulgences
A- Indulgences permitted priests to marry and have children
B- Clergy members bought indulgences to reach higher offices
C- The clergy sold pardons that released people from performing penalties for their sins.
D. Charles V told his people they could earn a way to heaven with indulgences.
C- The clergy sold pardons that released people from performing penalties for their sins.
57
Who/what were the patrons?
Church leaders, merchants and wealthy families who supported artists financially.
58
Why was controlling Constantinople important to the Ottomans?
A- It was Islam's most holy city
B- It was the intellectual center for the Muslim world
C- It was a crossroad for trade between Asia and Europe
D- It was the largest and most powerful city in the world at the time
C- It was a crossroad for trade between Asia and Europe
59
What ideas did Machiavelli promote in his book The Prince?
He was concerned with what was politically effective and not necessarily morally correct. He promoted misleading and lying if necessary.
60
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Which official measure made the king, rather than the pope, the head of the English Church?
A- the 95 Theses
B- the Edict of Worms
C- the Act of Supremacy
D- the Peace of Augsburg
```
C- the Act of Supremacy
61
What two paintings is Leonardo most known for?
Mona Lisa - portrait so real that you wonder what she is smiling about
Last Supper - shows personalities of disciples in facial expressions
62
What was the devshirme system designed to do?
A- turn Christian boys into Muslim soldiers
B- do away with all possible rivals to the throne
C- make the tax system fairer and more efficient
D- divide political power equally between Christians and Muslims
A- turn Christian boys into Muslim soldiers
63
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Renaissance painter in Flanders, as in Italy, tended to produce ____work.
A- realistic
B- idealistic
C- distorted
D- formal and tightly structured
```
A- realistic
64
Explain the role the printing press played in the Renaissance
Allowed ideas to be rapidly and easily distributed.
65
What is humanism?
Belief in human potential and achievements rather than Christian teachings. Influenced by Greek values.
66
How is the humanism of the Renaissance reflected in its arts?
The subjects were no longer biblical figures but those of the wealthy and famous of the day.
67
Identify key reasons the Middle Ages led to the Renaissance
Wars and plague had decimated the workforce.
People were disillusioned with the church
68
What is the definition of secular?
Worldly rather than spiritual. Concerned more with the here and now.
69
Detail Martin Luther's criticism of the Catholic Church and connect his acts to humanism
??? Aug 29/30
70
What were the differences between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in the attitude toward worldly pleasures?
Renaissance enjoyed fine clothing, drinking and the pleasures of the world.
71
What was a political effect of the Reformation?
A- Church authority increased, Kings lost power
B- Church authority decreased, Kings gained power
C- Church authority decreased, Kings lost power
D- Church authority increased, Kings gained power also
B- Church authority decreased, Kings gained power
72
Explain how the Church of England formed and connect its formation to humanism
??? Aug 29/30
73
Why was Suleyman called the Lawgiver?
A- He introduced the devshirme system
B- He wrote the first constitution for the Ottoman Empire
C- He created a law code to handle criminal and civil actions
D- He imposed Islamic laws on Christian and Jewish communities
C- He created a law code to handle criminal and civil actions
74
How did the Muslims treat other religions? What effect did this have?
Allowed them to workshop in their communities with their leader reporting to the Sultan. This reduced religious conflicts.
75
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Predestination was the main doctrine of
A- theocracy
B- Calvinism
C- Lutheranism
D- the Catholic Reformation
```
B- Calvinism
Thought that it was already determined who would enter heaven
76
Compare and contrast Islam, Judaism and Christianity
Islam -
Judaism-
Christianity -
77
What was an important effect of the invention of the printing press?
A- Led to the start of public libraries
B- Led to renewed study of Latin and Greek
C- Increased literacy and the use of the vernacular
D- Gutenberg used his wealth from the invention to support artists
C- Increased literacy and the use of the vernacular
78
Which of the following was one of Martin Luther's main beliefs?
A- Men & women are naturally sinful
B- Good works were required for salvation
C- Christians needed to be baptized again as adults
D- All people with faith are equal and do not need priests to interpret the Bible.
D- All people with faith are equal and do not need priests to interpret the Bible.
79
How did Henry VIII and Luther differ in their challenges to the Catholic Church?
Henry VIII- political and personal reasons. Wanted a son
Luther - religious differences
80
Which idea of Martin Luther most influenced John Calvin?
A- There was no hierarchy of believers
B- Humans cannot earn a place in heaven
C- The Church should not sell indulgences
D- People did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them
B- Humans cannot earn a place in heaven
81
What advantages did Northern Italy have over southern Italy?
Mostly urban with large city-states.
82
What artistic work was Donatello most know for?
Statue of David. First Europena sculpture of large free-standing nude since ancient times.
83
How did the works of William Shakespeare show Renaissance influence?
A- he avoided the use of vernacular in his plays
B- his plays examined the perfection of humans
C- he looked to medieval literature for inspiration and plots
D- his characters often expressed Renaissance's high view of human nature
D- his characters often expressed Renaissance's high view of human nature
84
What allowed the Ottomans to conquer so much territory?
What allowed them to keep it under control?
Used gunpowder and muskets rather than archers on horseback
Ruled through local officials appointed by them and improved the lives of the peasants.
85
What led to the growth of the northern Italy city states and the wealthy merchant class?
overseas trade spurred by the Crusades
86
Compare and contrast the Italian and Northern Renaissances
???? Aug 25/26
87
Who was considered the father of Renaissance humanism?
Francesco Petrarch
88
```
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women
A- Mary Astell
B- Emile du Chatelet
C- Jean Jacques Rousseau
D- Mary Wollstonecraft
```
Mary Wollstonecraft
89
```
Isaac Newton is best known for his theory on
A. Planet rotation
B. Anatomy
C. Gravity
D. Atomic theory
```
Gravity
90
In the 1700s which European city was the center of Enlightenment thinking?
Paris, France
91
Who were the two English men who started the Enlightment?
Did they come to the same conclusions regarding government and human nature?
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Hobbes believed humans selfish and wicked. Strong ruler needed to gain law and order. Social contract.
Locke favored self government and believed citizens would work it out. Natural rights of Life, Liberty, and Property.
92
```
Andreas Vesalius made significant contributions to the field of
A- Anatomy
B- Astronomy
C- Botany
D- Physics
```
Anatomy.
93
What reflects the correct sequence of steps used in the scientific process?
A- observe, question, experimentation, hypothesis, conclusion
B- observe, question, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion
C- question, hypothesis, observation, experimentation, conclusion
D- question, experimentation,hypothesis, observation, conclusion
observe, question, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion
94
Why were several rulers in 18th century Europe known as enlightened despots?
They supported the philosophers ideas.
| BUT..... Had no intention of giving up any power.
95
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The ideas of Francis Bacon developed helped to create the modern
A- barometer
B- microscope
C- theory of motion
D- scientific method
```
scientific method
96
```
The philosopher John Locke favored the idea of
A- absolute monarchy
B- religious rule
C- self-government
D- total anarchy
```
Self-government
97
Which ruler was most admired by the Enlightenment philosophers?
Catherine the Great of Russia
98
What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?
More personal freedoms and rights. Women's rights.
99
Compare the views of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau on government. How did their ideas reflect their understanding of human behavior?
???
100
What are the natural rights with which people are born, according to John Locke?
Life. Liberty. Property
101
```
Who is known for the statement "I think, therefore I am"?
A- Francis Bacon
B- Rene Descartes
C- Zacharias Janssen
D- Isaac Newton
```
Rene Descartes
102
How did heliocentric theory of the universe differ from the geocentric theory?
Heliocentric - Sun in middle. Planets rotate around it. Copernicus idea.
Geocentric - Earth in middle. Sun, moon and planets rotate around it.
103
```
Which is often considered the first true English novel?
A- Encyclopedia
B- On the Spirit of Laws
C- Pamela
D- Tom Jones
```
Pamela
104
What are the main steps of the scientific method?
Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experimtation, Conclusion
105
Match key ideas to the thinker
Voltaire. Religious freedom
Locke. Abolishment of torture
Wollstonecraft Separation of powers
Beccaria. Women's equality
Montesquieu. Natural rights - life, liberty, and property
Voltaire. Freedom of thought and expression
Locke. Natural rights - life, liberty, and property
Montesquieu. Separation of powers
Voltaire. Religious freedom
Voltaire. Freedom of thought and expression
Beccaria. Abolishment of torture
Wollstonecraft. Women's equality
106
Who was Voltaire and what was he known for?
Pen name of Frenchman who wrote 70 books. Used satire.
107
```
Who was perhaps the most radical of the royal reformers?
A- Catherine the Great
B- Frederick II
C- Joseph II
D- Peter the Great
```
Joseph II
108
```
Salons helped to spread
A- the geocentric theory
B- Enlightenment ideas
C- only the ideas of the philosophers
D- only the ideas of political scientists
```
Enlightenment ideas
109
Who was Montesquieu and what thoughts did he advance?
Frenchman who thought government should have separation of powers as was done in England. Idea became basis for U.S. Constitution.
110
How were THOMAS Hobbes and Catherine the Great similar?
A- Both influenced by John Locke
B- Both affected by horrors of the English Civil War
C- Both influenced by Voltaire and Baron de Montesquieu
D- Both believed that a monarch should have absolute authority
D- Both believed that a monarch should have absolute authority
111
```
The heliocentric or Sun centered theory was proposed by
A. Francis Bacon
B. Galileo
C. Isaac Newton
D. Copernicus
```
D. Copernicus
112
```
The Enlightenment is also known as the
A- Age of Reason
B- Great Awakening
C- Illumination
D- Revelation
```
Age of Reason
113
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In general, the philosophies believed in which of the following?
A- Church decrees
B- authoritarian rule
C- expanding women's rights
D- progress for society
```
progress for society
114
What were the three long term effects on Western civilization from Enlightenment thinking?
Belief in Progress - Scientific Revolution spurred social reform such as democratic equality and end to slavery.
More Secular outlook - as science began to explain things it brought doubt about church knowledge and authority
Importance of the Individual -
115
```
The idea of a direct democracy is explained in
A- Starry Messenger
B- The Social Contract
C- On the Spirit of Laws
D- A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
```
The Social Contract
116
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European art of the 1600s and early 1700s was dominated by a grand, ornate style called
A- baroque
B- classical
C- gothic
D- neoclassical
```
Baroque
117
Galileo was jailed until death for his support of whose ideas?
Copernicus
118
Before the 1500s, who and what were the final authorities with regard to most knowledge?
church, priests
119
What branches did both the English government in the 1800s and our U.S. Government have?
How did the governments differ?
Courts and Legislative
England - King
USA - President
120
A blank page or slate is called a ________________.
Tabluarasa???
121
Freedom to make your own decisions is called ____________
Liberty
122
What is required for social freedom?
people must sacrifice natural freedoms in exchange for security and protection
123
What are perceived as our natural rights?
Life, liberty, and property
124
Define majority rule
Decison made by more than 50% of the community.
125
Checks and balances mean ____ branch can limit the power of another branch.
A- any
B- no
C- the executive
D- the legislative
A- any
126
An agreement between a government and its people is called a ________________.
Social contract
127
Living without rules or a government is called __________.
State of Nature
128
Things that you own such as land, food and tools are called _________________.
property
129
What is natural freedom?
People live in a state of nature, with no rules, and with freedom to follow their instincts and desires
130
Montesquieu believed that a king should have most of the power. T/F
False .. King should share power
131
What are the branches of the legislature in the U.S.?
What branches does the English government have?
Congress - 2 members per state
House of Representatives - based on population
House of Lords
House of Commons
132
Montesquieu thought that Liberty meant-
The peace of mind that comes from being safe
133
General will is ___________________
Those things that are in the best interest of society as a whole
134
What are the differences between direct democracy and representative democracy?
Direct - Everyone meets to discuss/make laws
Everyone has direct say in every decision
Difficult in large society
Representative- Few meet to create laws
Depend on representatives to make decisions
More practical for large societies
135
Separation of powers happens when
A- government is run by a King or President
B- government is divided into different functions with checks and balances
C- each government entity has its own building
D- borders are drawn up between countries
B- different branches with checks and balances
136
The natural right to live and survive is called ______.
Life
137
Montesquieu's thinking influenced people in
A- France
B- England
C- America
D- none of the above
C- America
138
Who lives in the pineapple under the sea?
a. Spongebob Squarepants
b. Patrick
c. Squigbert
d. Mr Crabs
A. Spongebob
"Who lives in a pineapple under the sea?" Singh along with me.
