Biology 1st Semester review - Atwell Flashcards by Carson Daniel

Which of the following best describes what scientific theory is?
A- Hypothesis
B- Conclusion reached by a scientist
C- Generally accepted and well tested explanation for observations
D- Encompass fewer ideas and hypotheses than scientific laws

1.2
C - Well tested explanation for a range on phenomena.
Scientific theory is larger in scope than scientific law.

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Describe the steps used in scientific method.

1
Observation
Formulate hypothesis
Design controlled experiments
Collect/Analyze data
Draw conclusion/inference

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List the five characteristics of living things.

1.3
Made up of basic units called cells
Based on DNA code
Use energy
Grow, develop, and reproduce
Respond to their environment to maintain homeostasis

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Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms.

2.1

Proton, electron, and neutron

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Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are different and similar.

All isotopes have the same number of ______________ but differ in the number of ___________.

2.1

All isotopes have the same number of __Protons & Electrons__ but differ in the number of _______Nuetrons____.

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Describe the two main types of chemical bonds between atoms

2.1
Covalent - Share an electron
Ionic. - One atom loses electron to the other. The resulting (+) and (-) charges attract the two

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Discuss the unique properties of water.

2
- strong cohesion forms surface tension
- Expands upon freezing
- Dissolves many other substances
- Adhesion causes capillary action
- High heat capacity

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Differentiate between solutions and suspensions

Solutions are thoroughly mixed

Suspensions have undissolved particles in it.

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Explain what makes a solution acidic and what makes a solution basic.

2.2
Levels of H+ ions in solution.
Above pH 7 is base
Below pH 7 is acidic.

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Describe the unique qualities of carbon.

2.3
All about bonds

Valence electrons - allow strong covalent bonds w/ many elements
Can bond to itself and form long chains. Can form millions of different large and complex structures..

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Describe the structures and functions of each of the four macromolecules.

2.3
Carbohydrates - main energy source for living things
Lipids - fats, oils, waxes. Store energy, form membranes.
Nucleic acids - ATP- Capture/transfer energy. DNA - genetic info
Proteins - Control, regulate, and transport.

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Explain why enzymes are important to living things.

2.4

Act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in cells .

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Explain how biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem.

3.1
Biotic - living. Plants & animals
Abiotic - non-living. i.e. Minerals, dirt, etc

They work together to recycle matter between ecosystems.

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Define primary producers.

Any organism capturing energy from either sunlight or chemicals to produce food. i.e. Plants, bacteria, etc.

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Describe the difference between a food web and a food chain

Food chain - energy transferred from organism to organism as they are eaten
Food web - network of all food chains in an ecosystem. Interdependent.

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Identify the three types of ecological pyramids.

Energy, biomass, and numbers.
Energy -
Biomass - living tissue
Numbers - # of organisms

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Describe how water cycles through the biosphere.

Water moves from ocean –> atmosphere –> land.

Evaporation, transpiration, and condensation move it.

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Explain why nutrients are important in living systems.

Nutrients are the way energy is transferred between both biotic abiotic organisms.

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Describe how the availability of nutrients affects the productivity of ecosystems.

A nutrient in short supply can limit ecosystem growth and health.
Limiting nutrient.

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Differentiate between weather and climate.

4.1
Weather - condition at certain time and place

Climate - average temp and precipitation for region over long period

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Identify the factors that influence climate.

1
- trapped sunlight/greenhouse effect
- latitude
- heat distribution. ( by winds and ocean currents)

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Define niche.

4.2
All the conditions in which a species lives
(Physical and biological)

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The following describe the role competition plays in shaping communities EXCEPT for:
A. Competition for same limited resources by organisms.
B. Direct competition often results in one species dying out.
C. Competition only happens between abiotic species
D. Competition helps determine number and type of species in a community.

4.2

C. Competition only happens between abiotic species

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Describe the role predation and herbivory play in shaping communities.

4.2
Predation - capture and eat another

herbivory - animal feeds on another (such as algae or plants)

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``` Which of the following is not a type of symbiotic relationship in nature? A- Mutualism B- Predation C- Parasitism D - Commensalism ```

4.2 B - Predation Mutualism - both benefit from relationship Parasitism - one benefits and other harmed Commensalism - one benefits and other is unaffected

Compare succession after a natural disturbance with succession after a human-caused disturbance.

4.3 | Human caused disturbance may remove only certain parts of the biosystem throwing off the balance.

Describe and compare the characteristics of the 10 major land biomes.

``` 4.4 Desert - Tropical rain forest- Tropical dry forest- Tropical grassland- Temperate grassland- Temperate woodland- Temperate forest - Coniferous forest- Boreal forest- Tundra - ```

``` Which of these are factors that affect aquatic ecosystems? (multiple answers) A- Water flow B- Water depth C- Water temperature D- Dissolved nutrients ```

4.5 | All of the above

``` Which of the below is NOT a major category of freshwater ecosystems? A- Rivers/streams B- Lakes/ponds C- Intertidal zone D- Freshwater wetlands ```

4.5 | C- Intertidal zone

Which is not an the importance of estuaries? A- support an astonishing amount of biomass B- serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many fish and shellfish C- contain a mix of fresh water and salt water D- are unaffected by the rise and fall of ocean tides

4.5 | D- are UNaffected by the rise and fall of ocean tides

Which of the following is not a component of the cell theory? A - All living things are made of cells B- All cells reproduce asexually C- New cells come from existing cells D- The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things

7.1 | B - Cells reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

7.1 Eukaryotes - DNA in nuclei. Generally larger and more complex Animals and plants. Prokaryotes - DNA not inside nuclei. Generally smaller. Bacteria.

Describe the structure and function of the cell nucleus.

Controls most cell processes and stores DNA | Structure - surrounded by nuclear envelope composed of two membranes.

Describe the role of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton.

7.2 Vacuoles - store water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates Lysosomes - break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Cytoskeleton - maintains cell shape

Identify the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus in making proteins.

7.2 Ribosomes - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus -

Describe the function of the chloroplasts and mitochondria in the cell.

7.2 Chloroplasts - Mitochondria -

``` All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier called a A- cytoplasm B- nucleus C- ribosome D- cell membrane ```

7.2 | D- cell membrane

Describe passive transport. Describe active transport.

7.3 Passive - movement of materials w/o using cell energy Active - needs energy to move materials

Explain how unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis. Explain how multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis.

``` 7.4 To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms - grow, - respond to the environment, - transform energy, and reproduce. ```

Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities.

8.1 | ATP is compound cells use to store and release energy

Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce food.

8.1 | From the sun via photosynthesis

Explain the role of light and pigments in photosynthesis.

8.2 | Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with pigments.

Explain the role of electron carrier molecules in photosynthesis.

8.2 | Accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.

State the overall equation for photosynthesis.

8.2 | Water and CO2 taken in by plant. Acted upon by light energy. Produces chloroplasts and oxygen.

Describe what happens during the light-dependent reactions. Describe what happens during the light-independent reactions.

8.3 Dependent - Independent -

Explain where organisms get the energy they need for life processes.

9.1 | Through either photosynthesis (plants) or respiration ( animals)

Define cellular respiration.

``` 9.1 Energy capture/release Occurs in mitochondria Reactants - Water/glucose/oxygen Products - carbon dioxide ```

Which of the following statements about a scientific theory is NOT true? A- has the same meaning in science as it does in daily life B- enables scientists to make accurate predictions for new situations C- Scientific theories tie many hypotheses together D- Based on a large body of evidence

``` The group of macromolecules that serves as the main source of energy for living things is A- carbohydrates B- lipids C- nucleic acids D- proteins ```

A- carbohydrates

``` The group of macromolecules that stores and transmits genetic information is A- carbohydrates B- lipids C- nucleic acids D- proteins ```

C- nucleic acids

``` The major functions of proteins in cells do NOT include A- regulating cell processes B- transporting substances C- storing energy D- controlling reactions ```

C- storing energy

``` The most common primary producers harness energy through A- Autosynthesis B- photosynthesis C- chemosynthesis D- biosynthesis ```

B- photosynthesis

``` The one-way movement of energy through an ecosystem is best described as a A- biomass B- tropic level C- food chain D- cycle diagram ```

C- food chain

Why is a food web a better model than a food chain for showing feeding relationships? A- many animals eat more than one kind of food B- many animals only eat primary producers C- food chains vary in length D- Food chains do not include primary producers

A- many animals eat more than one kind of food

``` A set of complex feeding relationships in which a single organism might be both a primary and secondary consumer is best shown using a(n) A- ecological level B- tropic level C- biomass level D- food web ```

D- food web

An ecological pyramid A- maps out feeding patterns in a food chain B- illustrate trophic levels in an ecosystem C- describes biogeochemical cycles D- defines specific levels of an ecosystem

B- illustrate trophic levels in an ecosystem

``` Water can enter the atmospher by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of A- seepage B- precipitation C- transpiration D- perspiration ```

C- transpiration

``` What is the key building block of living tissue and ecosystems? A- carbon B- water C- phosphorus D- oxygen ```

A- carbon

Primary producers are organisms that A- rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply B- consume plant and animal remains and other dead matter C- use energy from environment to convert inorganic molecules into complex orgainic molecules D- obtain energy by eating only plants

C- use energy from environment to convert inorganic molecules into complex orgainic molecules

``` The series of steps in which a large fish eats a small fish that has eaten algae is a A- food web B- food chain C- pyramid of numbers D- pyramid of biomass ```

B- food chain

``` Nutrients move through an ecosystem in A- biogeochemical cycles B- water cycles C- energy pyramids D- ecological pyramids ```

A- biogeochemical cycles

Which is not a way that water enters the atmosphere in the water cycle? A- transpiration B- evaporation C- condensation

C- condensation

``` Which of the following is a primary producer? A- a producer, like algae B- a carnivore, like a lion C- an omnivore, like a human D- a detritivore, like an earthworm ```

A- a producer, like algae

``` The day-to-day conditions of Earth's atmosphere are referred to as A- climate B- weather C- greenhouse effect D- microclimate ```

B- weather

Earth's three main climate zones are produced by A- unequal distribution of heat over the Earth's curved surface B- changes in longitude C- direct sunlight over the poles D- the greenhouse effect

A- unequal distribution of heat over the Earth's curved surface

A region's climate is defined by A- factos such as trapped solar energy, latitude, wind & ocean currents B- day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere C- year-after-year patterns of temperature and precipation D- environmental conditions that vary over small distances

C- year-after-year patterns of temperature and precipation

``` An ecosystem is least likely to recover after which of the following disturbances? A- seasonal flooding of ponds B- extensive clear cutting for farming C- a forest wildfire D- a tropical storm ```

B- extensive clear cutting for farming

``` Which biome is home to more species than all the other biomes combined? A- tropical rain forest B- temperate grassland C- northwestern coniferous forest D- boreal forest ```

A- tropical rain forest

``` Which biome has soil characterized by permafrost? A- temperate forest B- boreal forest C- nothwestern coniferous forest D- tundra ```

D- tundra

``` What geographical feature is not usually classified into a biome? A- desert B- grasslands C- mountain ranges D- taiga ```

C- mountain ranges. Polar Ice also not classified.

``` Which of these ecosystems is not considered a biome? A- tundra B- estuary C- boreal forest D- tropical rain forest ```

B- estuary

``` The biome most likely to be asociated with coniferous trees and humus-rich soil is the A- tropical rain forest B- tropical dry forest C- temperate forest D- boreal forest ```

C- temperate forest

``` Which of the following is NOT a type of freshwater wetland? A- bog B- marsh C- estuary D- swamp ```

C- estuary

``` A relationship in which one organism is helped and another organism is neither helped nor hurt is called A- parasitism B- mutualism C- competition D- commensalism ```

D- commensalism

``` The relationship between a tick and its host is an example of A- mutualism B- parasitism C- commensalism D- succession ```

B- parasitism

``` Permafrost characterizes the biome called A- taiga B- boreal forest C- savanna D- tundra ```

D- tundra

``` The factor that generally has the greatest effect on determining a region's climate is its A- longitude B- abundant plant species C- distance from the equator D- closeness to a river ```

C- distance from the equator. LATITUDE

``` All of the following are abiotic factors that affect global climate EXCEPT: A- latitude B- longitude C- solar energy D- ocean currents ```

B- longitude

``` The way an organism makes its living, including its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors in its environment, is called the organism's A- habitat B- niche C- lifestyle D- biome ```

B- niche

``` If a newly introduced species fills a nich that is normally occupied by a native species, the two species compete. One of the species may die out as a result of A- competitive exclusion B- predation C- commensalism D- mutualism ```

A- competitive exclusion. COMPETITION

``` The water in an estuary is A- salt water only B- poor in nutrients C- fresh water only D- mix of fresh water and salt water ```

D- mix of fresh water and salt water

``` In which biome do organism have the greatest tolerance to dry conditions? A- tundra B- desert C- tropical savanna D- boreal forest ```

B- desert

``` One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells A- do not have a nucleus B- do not have a cell membrane C- do not contain DNA D- do not move ```

A- do not have a nucleus

All of the following concepts are stated in the cell theory EXCEPT A- new cells produced form existing cells B- cells are basic units of structure and function in living things C- All cells have the same internal structure D- All living things are composed of cells

C- All cells have the same internal structure

Biology 1st Semester review - Atwell Flashcards

(84 cards)