Biology Chapter 12/13 - Genes & DNA

Question 0

Describe the role of bacteriophages in identifying genetic material

Answer 0

• virus that infects bacteria.

- attaches to the surface of the bacterial cell and injects its genetic material into it.

Question 1

Summarize the process of bacterial transformation.

Answer 1

• one bacteria changed permanently into another
• transforming factor is DNA
• DNA stores and transmits genetic between generation

Question 2

Identify the role of DNA in heredity

Answer 2

storing,

• copying
• transmitting the genetic information in a cell.

Question 3

Identify the chemical components of DNA

Answer 3

nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

• four kinds of nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. “G-A-C-T ines”
• nucleotide is a nitrogenous base, sugar called deoxyribose, and phosphate group

Question 4

Discuss the experiments leading to the identification of DNA as the molecule that carries the genetic code

Answer 4

• Erwin Chargaff - % adenine = % thymine & % guanine = % cytosine
• Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction studies revealed the double-helix structure
• James Watson and Francis Crick built a DNA model

Question 5

Describe the steps leading to the development of the double-helix model of DNA

Answer 5

• two strands run in opposite directions
• sequence of nucleotides, arranged almost like the letters in a fourletter alphabet(G-A-C-T)
• Hydrogen bonds hold the strands together
• bonds form only between certain base pairs– A-T, and C-T

Question 6

Summarize the events of DNA replication

Answer 6

• Two strands unzip (forks.)
• New bases via base pairing (A- T and G- C).
• Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand.
• DNA polymerase is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA.
• DNA may be lost from the tips of chromosomes (telomeres)

Question 7

Compare DNA replication in prokaryotes with that of eukaryotes

Answer 7

Prokaryotes
- single, circular DNA molecule
- starts from a single point and proceeds in two directions
Eukaryotic cells
- have much more DNA
- begins at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions

Question 8

What are the four possible chromosomal changes and how would they affect this alphabetical sequence- ABCDE?

Answer 8

Deletion. ABDE
Duplication. ABBCDE
Inversion. ACBDE
Translation. ABFGCDE

Question 9

What are the the types of gene mutations?

Answer 9

S substitution
I insertion
T translation

Question 10

Describe how gene mutations would occur on this gene -ACGGT?

Answer 10

Deletion. ACGT. Missing G
Insertion. ACTGGT. Extra T
Substitution. ATGGT. T replaces C

Question 11

What is the transforming factor in Avery’s experiment?

A. RNA
B. DNA
C. Protein
D. Bacteriophage

Answer 11

B. DNA

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT found in a DNA nucleotide but is found in a RNA nucleotide?

A. Thymine
B. Cytosine
C. Adenine
D. Uracil

Answer 12

D. Uracil

Question 13

The codon GAC codes for 
A. Glycine
B  Glutamine
C. Leucine
D. Valine

Answer 13

B Glutamine

Question 14

Phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base make up?

A. Adenine
B. Cytosine
C. Nucleotide
D. Thymine

Answer 14

C. Nucleotide

Question 15

Gene mutations are all except
A. Inversion 
B. substitution
C. insertion
D. translation

Answer 15

A. Inversion

Question 16

DNA sequence is TTAGCA. What is the complementary mRNA?
A. 
B. 
C. 
D.

Answer 16

??

Question 17

The backbone of DNA is made of 
A. amino acids
B. Sugar and phosphate
C. Phosphate
D. Sugar

Answer 17

B. Sugar and phosphate

Question 18

Which process takes place in the cytoplasm?
A. Replication
B. Translation
C. Transmutation
D.

Answer 18

B. Translation

Question 19

The enzyme that add bases to a DNA strand is:
A. Ribose
B. DNA polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. Uracil

Answer 19

C. RNA polymerase

Question 20

The two DNA strands run in opposite directions so they are called:
A. 
B. 
C. 
D.

Answer 20

???

Question 21

The scientist who took an x-ray photo of the DNA molecule is 
A. Avery
B. Griffith
C. Hershey & Chase
D. Franklin

Answer 21

D. Franklin

Question 22

Bacteriophages infect 
A. 
B. Bacteria
C. 
D.

Answer 22

B. Bacteria

Question 23

Cystine is coded with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. 
B. UGU
C. 
D. UGG

Answer 23

B. UGU

Question 24

``` Copying DNA into mRNA is called A. B. C. D. ```

Answer 24

????

Question 25

``` The flow of genetic information in a cell proceeds A. DNA, RNA, protein B. RNA, DNA, protein C. Protein, RNA, DNA D. Protein, DNA, RNA ```

Answer 25

A. DNA, RNA, protein - Central dogma of molecular biology

Question 26

``` One difference between DNA and RNA is A. RNA is a nucleic acid unlike DNA B. Contains a different sugar than DNA C. Consists of a long chain of nucleotides D. ```

Answer 26

B. Contains a different sugar than DNA RNA also is single stranded. DNA is double stranded RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

Question 27

``` The tip of a chromosome is called a A. Bacteriophage B. Telomere C. Nucleus D. Cytoplasm ```

Answer 27

B. Telomere

Question 28

``` When one type of bacteria is changed permanently into another type the process is called A. Replication B. Duplication C. Translation D. Transformation ```

Answer 28

D. Transformation

Question 29

``` In DNA, cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine with thymine. This is called A. Stranding B. Substitution C. Base pairing D. Translation ```

Answer 29

C. Base pairing

Question 30

``` The process of duplicating DNA is called A. Transformation B. Replication C. Substitution D. Base pairing ```

Answer 30

B. Replication

Question 31

``` Who first built a three-dimensional model of DNA A. Avery B. Griffith C. Hershey & Chase D. Watson & Crick ```

Answer 31

D. Watson & Crick

Question 32

Each nucleotide is connected to the next nucleotide. The connection is found between A. sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate of another B. base of one nucleotide and sugar of another C. phosphate groups of two nucleotides

Answer 32

???

Question 33

``` What parts do all nucleotides have in common? A. Guanine B. deoxyribose C. phosphate group D. Adenine ```

Answer 33

Both B & C. Deoxyribose and phosphate group Guanine and Adenine are bases along with Thymine and Cytostine

Question 34

List six things about Maxie and Penny that are controlled by their DNA

Answer 34

``` Breed Size Eye color Hair color Fur length Sense of smell and hearing ```

Question 35

The four bases in mRNA are identified by the letters?

Answer 35

A,C,G, and U. These are the genetic code. Three letters long

Question 36

What is one difference between DNA and RNA? A. DNA is generally single-stranded instead of double-stranded B. RNA contains uracil instead of Thymine C. The sugar in RNA is deoxyribose instead of ribose D. RNA translates in the nucleus instead of cytoplasm

Answer 36

B. RNA contains uracil instead of Thymine

Question 37

``` All of the following are functions of RNA except: A. assembling DNA B. forming the structure of ribosomes C. transferring amino acids D. carrying genetic information ```

Answer 37

A. assembling DNA

Question 38

``` In eukaryotes transcription occurs in A. cytoplasm B. Golgi apparatus C. nucleus D. ribosomes ```

Answer 38

C. nucleus

Question 39

``` Transfer RNA is important in A. Synthesizing RNA codons B. assembling ribosomes C. transporting messenger RNA D. assembling proteins ```

Answer 39

D. assembling proteins

Question 40

``` Which is an RNA polymerase binding site on a typical gene? A. operon B. promoter C. repressor D. intron ```

Answer 40

B. promoter

Question 41

``` A set of three consecutive bases that specify an amino acid is called a(n) A. tRNA B. mRNA C. polypeptide D. codon ```

Answer 41

D. codon

Question 42

``` The genetic code consists of ____ letters. A "word" or anticodon/codon is formed by ____ letters, that specify a(n)______? A. 4, 3, Anticodon, amino acid B. 4, 4, Codon, amino acid C. 3,3, Anticodon, polypeptide D. 4,3, codon, amino acid ```

Answer 42

D. 4,3, codon, amino acid

Question 43

``` The central dogma of biology is that information is transferred from A. RNA - DNA - proteins B. DNA - RNA - proteins C. RNA - DNA - amino acids D. DNA - RNA - amino acids ```

Answer 43

B. DNA - RNA - proteins