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Rheumatology Secrets > OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, INFLAMMATION, AND AUTOIMMUNITY Mnemonics > Flashcards

OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, INFLAMMATION, AND AUTOIMMUNITY Mnemonics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does A.P.E. stand for in innate immunity activation?

A

A: Alarmins (HMGB1, S100, HSPs)
P: PAMPs (LPS, flagellin, viral RNA)
E: Engage PRRs (TLRs, NLRs, RLRs)

Visualize an ape sounding the alarm when it detects pathogens!

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2
Q

What are the components of Alarmins (H.S.H.I.A.)?

A
  • HMGB1
  • S100 proteins
  • HSPs (Heat-shock proteins)
  • IL-33
  • AMPs (Antimicrobial peptides)

“Help! Some Host Is Attacked!” - your body’s alarm system

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3
Q

What does PAMPs (L.P.M.F.D.) include?

A
  • LPS
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Mannans
  • Flagellin
  • DNA/RNA

“Let’s Protect My Family Doctor” - microbes’ signature molecules

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4
Q

What are the types of PRRs (S.C.I.)?

A
  • Secreted (MBL, CRP)
  • Cell-surface (TLRs 1/2/4/5/6)
  • Intracellular (NLRs, RLRs)

“Secret Cells Investigate” pathogens

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5
Q

What are the TLR locations (S.E.N.D.)?

A
  • Surface TLRs: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
  • Endosomal TLRs: 3, 7, 8, 9
  • Note: TLR10 function unclear
  • Division by location

“Send TLRs to their proper stations”

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6
Q

What are the complement pathways (C.A.L.)?

A
  • Classical (antibody-mediated)
  • Alternative (spontaneous)
  • Lectin (carbohydrate-binding)

“CAL” - Complement Activation Lines

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7
Q

What are the functions of complement (O.C.M.)?

A
  • Opsonization (C3b)
  • Chemotaxis (C3a/C5a)
  • MAC lysis (C5b-9)

“Oh Come Make” holes in pathogens!

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8
Q

What are the two methods of Neutrophil killing (P.N.)?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • NETosis

“Police Neutrophils” use two weapons

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9
Q

What are the ILC subtypes (1-2-3 Rule)?

A
  • 1 = ILC1 → IFNγ (like Th1)
  • 2 = ILC2 → IL-5/13 (like Th2)
  • 3 = ILC3 → IL-17/22 (like Th17)

Count on your fingers: 1, 2, 3 cytokines

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10
Q

What are the components of the Adhesion Cascade (S.I.T.)?

A
  • Selectins (rolling)
  • Integrins (adhesion)
  • Transmigration (ICAMs/VCAMs)

“SIT” down at the inflammation site

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11
Q

What are the signs of inflammation (R.C.T.D.)?

A
  • Rubor (redness)
  • Calor (heat)
  • Tumor (swelling)
  • Dolor (pain)

“Roman Colosseum Tour Day” - imagine inflamed gladiators

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12
Q

What does MADCAM-1 stand for in relation to Vedolizumab?

A
  • Mucosal
  • Addressin
  • Deficiency
  • Crohn’s
  • Attack
  • Mitigated

Think: “Mad Cam” hunting gut-homing lymphocytes

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13
Q

Was sind die Kardinalzeichen der Entzündung?

A

HELP:
* H: Heat (Wärme/Calor)
* E: Erythema (Rötung/Rubor)
* L: Loss of function (Funktionsverlust)
* P: Pain (Schmerz/Dolor)

Swelling/Tumor ist im ‘E’ von Erythema versteckt.

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14
Q

Nenne die Klassen der Entzündungsmediatoren.

A

Very Cool Enzymes Party:
* V: Vasoaktiv (Histamin, PGs)
* C: Chemotaktisch (C5a, LTB4)
* E: Enzyme (Tryptase)
* P: Proinflammatorisch (TNFα, IL-1)

Diese Mnemonic hilft, die verschiedenen Mediatoren zu kategorisieren.

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15
Q

Was beschreibt die Mnemonic ‘COX is PAIN, LOX is SPAM’?

A

COX-Pfad → Prostaglandine:
* P: Pain
* A: Arteriolendilatation
* I: Inflammation
* N: Naproxen hemmt

LOX-Pfad → SRS-A:
* S: Schleim
* P: Pneumonie
* A: Asthma
* M: Mastzellen

Diese Mnemonic unterscheidet zwischen den beiden Stoffwechselwegen der Arachidonsäure.

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16
Q

Wie funktioniert die Mnemonic ‘CD8 hits 1, CD4 hits 2’?

A

MHC-Klassen:
* MHC I → CD8+ T-Zellen (1 Wort: ‘Eins’)
* MHC II → CD4+ T-Zellen (2 Wörter: ‘Zwei Wörter’)

Dies hilft, die spezifischen T-Zell-Reaktionen auf verschiedene MHC-Klassen zu merken.

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17
Q

Nenne die professionellen APCs.

A

BMD:
* B: B cells
* M: Macrophages
* D: Dendritic cells

‘BMD’ steht für ‘Bone Marrow Donor’, da alle aus dem Knochenmark stammen.

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18
Q

Was sind die Wege der Komplement-Aktivierung?

A

LACE:
* L: Lectin pathway
* A: Alternative pathway
* C: Classical pathway
* E: End result: MAC (Membrane Attack Complex)

Diese Mnemonic hilft, die verschiedenen Aktivierungswege des Komplementsystems zu unterscheiden.

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19
Q

Was sind die Akute-Phase-Proteine?

A

CRP & Friends:
* C: CRP
* R: Raised ESR
* P: Positive (Fibrinogen, Serum-Amyloid A)
* &:
* F: Falling Albumin

Diese Mnemonic fasst die wichtigsten Akute-Phase-Proteine zusammen.

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20
Q

Was beschreibt das ‘Two-Signal Rule’ bei der T-Zell-Aktivierung?

A
  1. Signal: TCR + MHC-Antigen (Schlüssel-Schloss)
  2. Signal: CD28 + B7 (Kostimulation)

Ohne das zweite Signal tritt Anergie auf. Diese Visualisierung hilft, den Prozess der T-Zell-Aktivierung zu verstehen.

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21
Q

Was bedeutet die Mnemonic ‘SPMs are VIPs’?

A

SPMs:
* S: Specialized
* P: Proresolving
* M: Mediators (Lipoxine, Resolvine)
* V: Very
* I: Important für
* P: Peace (Entzündungsende)

Diese Mnemonic hebt die Rolle von spezialisierten Mediatoren in der Entzündungsresolution hervor.

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22
Q

What does MHC I serve?

A

CD8+ T-cells

MHC I is associated with intracellular pathogens.

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23
Q

What does MHC II serve?

A

CD4+ T-cells

MHC II is associated with extracellular pathogens.

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24
Q

What is the primary goal of Th1 cells?

A

Kill intracellular bugs

Th1 cells produce IFN-γ and are important for fighting TB and activating macrophages.

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25
What are the two main goals of Th2 cells?
Allergy & worms ## Footnote Th2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-5, leading to IgE production and eosinophil activation.
26
What does Th17 target?
Fungi/extracellular bacteria ## Footnote Th17 cells produce IL-17.
27
What does IgG do?
Crosses placenta, main serum Ab ## Footnote IgG is crucial for passive immunity in newborns.
28
What is the role of IgA?
Active at mucosa ## Footnote IgA is the secretory antibody found in mucosal areas.
29
What is the characteristic of IgM?
First responder, pentamer ## Footnote IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection.
30
What triggers the activation of B-cells?
T-cell dependent (CD40L-CD40), BCR crosslinking ## Footnote These interactions are essential for B-cell activation and differentiation.
31
What is the significance of affinity maturation?
Germinal centers ## Footnote Affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers, enhancing antibody quality.
32
What are the four complement pathways?
Lecitin pathway, Alternative pathway, Classical pathway, End result = MAC attack ## Footnote These pathways lead to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC).
33
What happens to thymocytes during T-cell development?
Start as CD4+CD8+ ## Footnote Thymocytes undergo positive and negative selection to become single positive.
34
What determines the class of an antibody?
Heavy chains ## Footnote Heavy chains classify antibodies into IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.
35
What are the mechanisms of cytotoxic T-cell killing?
FasL-Fas, Perforin/Granzyme ## Footnote These mechanisms induce apoptosis in target cells.
36
What are the four types of hypersensitivity?
Anaphylactic (Type I, IgE), Cytotoxic (Type II, IgG/IgM), Immune complex (Type III), Delayed (Type IV, T-cells) ## Footnote Each type has distinct mechanisms and mediators.
37
What are the markers for B-cells?
CD19/CD20 ## Footnote B-cells are responsible for antibody production.
38
What marker is associated with T-cells?
CD3 ## Footnote CD3 is involved in T-cell receptor signaling.
39
What marker identifies NK cells?
CD56 ## Footnote NK cells play a role in innate immunity by killing infected or tumor cells.
40
Fill in the blank: IgE is associated with _______.
allergies/mast cells
41
Fill in the blank: The end result of complement pathways is the _______.
MAC attack
42
True or False: Th2 cells are primarily involved in killing intracellular pathogens.
False ## Footnote Th2 cells focus on allergic responses and parasitic infections.
43
What is the function of the constant region of an antibody?
Mediates effector functions ## Footnote The constant region is responsible for the antibody's interaction with other immune components.
44
45
What is MHC I associated with?
CD8+ T-cells (Intracellular pathogens) ## Footnote MHC I is often represented as serving the '8-ball inside a cell' concept.
46
What is MHC II associated with?
CD4+ T-cells (Extracellular pathogens) ## Footnote MHC II is represented as '4 forks eating outside'.
47
What are the goals of Th1 cells?
Kill intracellular bugs (IFN-γ, TB/macrophages) ## Footnote Th1 cells are characterized by their role in cellular immunity.
48
What are the goals of Th2 cells?
Allergy & worms (IL-4/IL-5, IgE/eosinophils) ## Footnote Th2 cells are involved in humoral immunity and allergic responses.
49
What does Th17 target?
Fungi/extracellular bacteria (IL-17) ## Footnote Th17 cells play a crucial role in combating extracellular pathogens.
50
What does the mnemonic 'GAMED' represent?
Antibody classes: * G - IgG * A - IgA * M - IgM * E - IgE * D - IgD ## Footnote Each antibody class has distinct functions and properties.
51
What are the steps involved in B-cell activation?
T-BALL: * T-cell dependent (CD40L-CD40) * BCR crosslinking * Affinity maturation * Long-lived plasma cells * Light/heavy chain recombination ## Footnote These steps are crucial for effective B-cell responses.
52
What are the complement pathways?
LACE: * L - Lectin pathway * A - Alternative pathway * C - Classical pathway * E - End result = MAC attack ## Footnote These pathways are essential for immune defense.
53
What is the significance of 'Double Positive or Die' in T-cell development?
Thymocytes start as CD4+CD8+, undergo positive and negative selection, and become single positive (CD4+ OR CD8+) ## Footnote This process is vital for developing functional T-cells.
54
What determines the class of an antibody?
Heavy chains ## Footnote Heavy chains distinguish between different antibody classes (GAMED).
55
What is the role of light chains in antibodies?
Kappa/lambda chains ## Footnote Light chains contribute to the structure of antibodies.
56
What are the two pathways of cytotoxic T-cell killing?
FasL-Fas and Perforin/Granzyme ## Footnote Both pathways lead to apoptosis of target cells.
57
What are the types of hypersensitivity?
ACID: * A - Anaphylactic (Type I, IgE) * C - Cytotoxic (Type II, IgG/IgM) * I - Immune complex (Type III) * D - Delayed (Type IV, T-cells) ## Footnote Each type has distinct mechanisms and clinical presentations.
58
What markers are associated with B-cells?
CD19/CD20 ## Footnote These markers are crucial for identifying B-cells.
59
What marker is associated with T-cells?
CD3 ## Footnote CD3 is essential for T-cell signaling.
60
What marker is associated with NK cells?
CD56 ## Footnote CD56 identifies natural killer cells.
61
What does the mnemonic 'NKT = Natural Killer Taxi' represent?
NKT cells have natural killer markers (CD16/56), kill mycobacteria, and carry lipids via CD1d ## Footnote This highlights the unique function of NKT cells.
62
What are the two apoptosis pathways?
Fast or Slow: * Fast path: FAS → FADD → Caspase-8 * Slow path: BAX/BAK → Cytochrome C → Caspase-9 ## Footnote The fast path involves death receptors while the slow path involves mitochondrial signals.
63
What is the AND rule in cell death types?
A - Apoptosis, N - Necrosis, D - Degradation (Autophagy) ## Footnote Each type has different characteristics and implications for inflammation.
64
What are the mechanisms of immune shutdown?
STOP Signs: * S - Suppressive cytokines (IL-10/TGF-β) * T - Tregs apply brakes * O - Opsonization clears antigens * P - Programmed death (Fas-FasL) ## Footnote These mechanisms help maintain immune homeostasis.
65
What triggers autoimmunity according to the mnemonic 'MESS'?
Molecular mimicry, Epitopes spreading, Superantigens, Suppression failure ## Footnote These factors can lead to the breakdown of self-tolerance.
66
What is the difference between autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions?
Autoimmune = T/B cells gone rogue (adaptive), Autoinflammatory = Innate immune system on fire (NLRP3 inflammasome) ## Footnote This distinction is crucial for understanding different immune pathologies.
67
What is the significance of central tolerance in T-cell development?
AIRE tests self-tolerance, failure results in deletion ## Footnote Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and is critical for preventing autoimmunity.
68
What does the mnemonic 'T-Cell School Rules' represent?
Central and Peripheral tolerance mechanisms ## Footnote This includes AIRE, anergy, Tregs, and ignorance.
69
What are some visual mnemonics for immunology concepts?
Examples include: * CD1d as a lipid taxi * CTLA-4 as a parking brake * Type II HS as scissors cutting through tissues * Central tolerance as a school playground ## Footnote Visual mnemonics can enhance memory retention.

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