Unit 6 Chapter 35

Question 1

Cold War (1946-1991)

Answer 1

-45 year long diplomatic tension between the US and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist

Question 2

Bretton woods conference (1944)

Answer 2

• meeting of western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned in WWII
• led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the world bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries
• established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulating Currency exchange rates

Question 3

United Nations (formed in 1945)

Answer 3

-international body formed to bring nation’s intelligence Na dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars

Question 4

Nuremberg war crimes trial (1945-1946)

Answer 4

• highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes against humanity in postwar Germany
• led to several executions and long prison sentences

Question 5

Berlin airlift (1948-1949)

Answer 5

-year long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded west Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off access to the west in the first major crisis of the Cold War

Question 6

Yalta conference (1945)

Answer 6

• meeting of FDR, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at an old tsarist resort on the Black Sea
• 3 big leaders laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe

Question 7

Containment doctrine

Answer 7

• america’s strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan
• declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure
• guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War

Question 8

Truman doctrine (1947)

Answer 8

-president truman’s universal pledge of support for any people fighting in any communist or communist-inspired threat

Question 9

Marshall plan(1949)

Answer 9

• massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe
• intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power

Question 10

North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO) (established in 1949)

Answer 10

• military alliance of Western European powers and the us and Canada
• established to defend against the common threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism

Question 11

National security council memorandum number 68(NSC-68) (1950)

Answer 11

• national security council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peacetime armed forces to address Cold War tensions
• reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy
• Key documents of the Cold War

Question 12

Korean War(1950-1953)

Answer 12

• first “hot war” of the Cold War
• began when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea and UN forces launched a counteroffensive
• The “forgotten war”

Question 13

House Un-American activities committee(HUAC)

Answer 13

• investigatory body established in 1938 to root out “subversion”
• sought to expose communist influence in American government and society

Question 14

McCarthyism

Answer 14

• brand of vitriolic, fear mongering anti-communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy
• named after Joseph McCarthy refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anti-Communist paranoia

Question 15

Army McCarthy hearings(1954)

Answer 15

• congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy for two accuse members of the army of communist ties
• hearings lead to Senator McCarthy’s extremism and led to his eventual disgrace

Question 16

Executive order 998(1948)

Answer 16

• order issued by President Truman to desegregates the Armed Forces
• resulted from a combination of pressure from civil rights advocates, election-year political calculations, and the new geopolitical context of the Cold War

Question 17

Taft-Hartley act (1947)

Answer 17

-republican promoted, antiunion legislation passed over President Truman’s vigorous veto that weekend many of labor’s New deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize

Question 18

Operation Dixie

Answer 18

-failed effort by the C I O after World War II to unionize southern workers especially in textile factories

Question 19

Employment act of 1946

Answer 19

• legislation declaring that the government’s economic policy should aim to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power as well as to keep inflation low
• created the Council of economic advisers to provide the president with data and recommendations to make economic policy

Question 20

GI Bill (1944)

Answer 20

• known officially as the serviceman’s readjustment act and more informally as the G.I. Bill of rights
• helped returning World War II soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses

Question 21

Fair deal

Answer 21

• President Truman’s extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress
• only major successes was increasing minimum-wage, providing for public housing, and extending old age insurance to many more beneficiaries

Question 22

Sunbelt

Answer 22

-15 State Crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during World War II and particularly in the decades after the war eclipsing the old industrial Northeast

Question 23

Levittown

Answer 23

• suburban communities with mass produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and sons
• typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families
• One of the most famous suburbs in the US

Question 24

baby boom (1946-1964)

Answer 24

-demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war

Question 25

North Korea’s leader during the Cold War

Answer 25

-Kim II-sung (communist)

Question 26

South Korea’s leader during the Cold War

Answer 26

-Syngman Rhee (democratic)

Question 27

38th parallel

Answer 27

-boundary between North and South Korea

Question 28

Harry S Truman

Answer 28

• The “accidental president”

- made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Question 29

Atlantic charter

Answer 29

-proclaimed for all nations the right to self-determination and free access to trade while committing to a post war international system designed to ensure the human rights to “freedom from fear and want” for all individuals

Question 30

General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)

Answer 30

-created to reduce trade barriers among member nations and help to form the basis for the transformative spread of economic globalization in the later half of the century

Question 31

League of Nations vs United Nations

Answer 31

• League of Nations
• -adopted rules denying the veto power to any party to a dispute
• -presumed great power conflict
• United Nations
• -no member of the security council could have action taken against it without its consent
• -presumed great power cooperation

Question 32

Containment doctrine

Answer 32

• created by George F Kennan

- held that Russia was relentlessly expansionary

Question 33

National security act

Answer 33

-created the department of defense, The national Security Council (NSC), and the Central Intelligence Agency(CIA)