Chem ch 15

Question 1

no hydrogen bonding (the twins)

Answer 1

aldehydes and ketones

Question 2

formaldehyde

Answer 2

methanal - CH2O

Question 3

acetaldehyde

Answer 3

ethanal - CH3-C (=O attached at the top) -H

Question 4

the H will always be shown in an..

Answer 4

aldehyde

Question 5

no hydrogens on

Answer 5

ketones

Question 6

benzaldehyde

Answer 6

just benzene w/ CHO attached at top

Question 7

when naming an aldehyde attached to cyclic, name it…(with the cyclic it’s too many carbs)

Answer 7

cyclohexane carbaldehyde - the cyclo w/ carbaldehyde at the end.

Question 8

naming straight chain aldehydes (alden is al)

Answer 8

don’t number the aldehyde - it’s just 3-methylhexanal

Question 9

does aldehyde or OH group have priority?

Answer 9

aldehyde

Question 10

ketones end in (literally the end of ketone)

Answer 10

one, ie 3-pentanone

Question 11

don’t do methyl & ethyl (common names) for ketones when..

Answer 11

the chains get longer. Just use IUPAC - ie. butanone.

Question 12

diphenyl ketone

Answer 12

a ketone w/ 2 phenyls - one on each side (phenyl is benzene minus one H)

Question 13

when naming, if you have a ketone and a double bond…

Answer 13

split the name in half. ie - 3-penten-2-one. (the double bond on 3 goes first)

Question 14

ending of a ketone (key to one heart)

Answer 14

one

Question 15

aldehyde naming ends in (alden is al)

Answer 15

al

Question 16

what has the highest boiling point? butane, butanol, or butanal?

Answer 16

butanal bc it has dipole dipole and H bonding

Question 17

C and O is what type of bonding?

Answer 17

dipole dipole

Question 18

super solvent

Answer 18

acetone

Question 19

aldehydes oxidized to…

Answer 19

carboxylic acid

Question 20

ketones oxidized to..(no oxy in the keys)

Answer 20

NR - can’t be oxidized

Question 21

when oxidizing aldehyde

Answer 21

just attach the O to the H group - so it’s - OH.

Question 22

when oxidizing, if you already have a double bond O, attach the O

Answer 22

to the free H

Question 23

tollen test or tollen’s reagent (pay the toll w/ silver - then cho)

Answer 23

used to distinguish between aldehyde and ketone. if silver, it’s an aldehyde

Question 24

benedict’s test

Answer 24

blue copper turns brick red

Question 25

aldehyde w/ benedict test turns what color?

Answer 25

red

Question 26

benedict test cannot be used to..

Answer 26

distinguish between aldheyde and ketone

Question 27

reagent and product w/ tollen's test is...

Answer 27

reagent is Ag+, product is Ag

Question 28

Reagent and product w/ Benedict's test (old Ben likes copper)

Answer 28

reagent is CU2+, and product is CU+

Question 29

primary alcohol reduced to..

Answer 29

aldehyde

Question 30

secondary alcohol reduced to

Answer 30

ketone

Question 31

reducing agent brings what to a reaction?

Answer 31

H+ and H- (this is called hyride ion)

Question 32

in a reduction reaction, you are literally just...

Answer 32

adding 2 Hs. One to the O group, and one to the free arm

Question 33

pyruvic acid formula

Answer 33

CH3 - C (=O attached on top of the C)- COOH

Question 34

NAD+ is an___agent (carbonyl group)

Answer 34

oxidizing

Question 35

NADH is an____agent (carbonyl group)

Answer 35

reducing

Question 36

aldehyde + alcohol = ?

Answer 36

hemiacetal

Question 37

ketone + alcohol = ?

Answer 37

hemiketal

Question 38

hemiacetals will always have this exact structure

Answer 38

OH, H, C (central carbon), OC, C

Question 39

hemiketals will always have this structure

Answer 39

C (central carbon), OC, OH, C, C

Question 40

reaction of acetalaldehyde

Answer 40

you are literally just moving the H to the top O and making it a single bond, and moving the O-CH3-CH3 (or whatever is in the chain) to the side of the central C

Question 41

acetal vs. hemiacetal

Answer 41

hemiacetal has an OH, acetal just has an OR group

Question 42

alkoxy group

Answer 42

any C attached to an O

Question 43

carbonyl group

Answer 43

just C=O - that's it

Question 44

when naming aldehydes, remember to...

Answer 44

count the C that is attached to the double O and H

Question 45

when naming ketones using common name

Answer 45

Don't count the C with attached double O - just start on either side

Question 46

when counting Cs on ketones with O in the middle

Answer 46

DO NOT count the O in the middle as a C

Question 47

when drawing aldehydes...

Answer 47

remember to add an extra line with the H on the end

Question 48

what ketones and aldehydes are water soluble?

Answer 48

simple ones

Question 49

ketones are good solvents for..

Answer 49

many polar and nonpolar solutes

Question 50

how to tell if aldehyde or ketone is soluble

Answer 50

if they have less than 4 carbons much more soluble. fewer than 5 or 6 are soluble.

Question 51

aldehydes and ketones have lower BPs that alcohol because...

Answer 51

they only have dipole-dipole forces that are weak, easy to break. alcohols have hydrogen bonding.

Question 52

C-C=O-H with a mild oxidizing agent

Answer 52

another O is added to the free H - so it's C-C=O-OH

Question 53

what Tollen's test does

Answer 53

since ketones can't be oxidized (the don't have anywhere to attach the extra O) you're oxidizing to tell if it's an aldehyde or ketone

Question 54

what benedict's test does

Answer 54

this is also an oxidizing agent, and it will turn red if aldehyde is present. BUT, it also turns red if there is a ketone with an OH next to the O, so it's not totally accurate. You need a negative Tollen's and positive Benedict to tell if it's a ketone

Question 55

if you're reducing something like a benzaldehyde...

Answer 55

and you don't have anywhere to the put the extra H, just attach it to a separate line right next to the OH group at the top

Question 56

hemiacetals

Answer 56

an alcohol plus an aldehyde

Question 57

hemiketals

Answer 57

an alcohol plus a ketone

Question 58

acetal

Answer 58

2 ether-like OR groups (O-CH2CH3) on same carbon that was an aldehyde

Question 59

ketal

Answer 59

2 ether-like (O-CH2CH3) groups bonded to what was a ketone

Question 60

how to recognize an acetal

Answer 60

2 OR groups (CH3O) and a H, it's acetal

Question 61

how to recognize a ketal

Answer 61

2 OR groups (CH3O) and 2 R groups (Carbons) it's a ketal

Question 62

how to tell if it's a hemiacetal or hemiketal

Answer 62

look for the C that has 2 single bonds to the O. if the 2 remaining bonds are C, it's a ketal. If one is C and the other is H, it's acetal.

Question 63

acetaldehyde (ace the hyde w/ narc)

Answer 63

sweet smelling but narcotic

Question 64

benzaldehyde (cherry benz)

Answer 64

sweet smelling cherry almond

Question 65

what can be reduced to alcohol?

Answer 65

aldehydes and ketones

Question 66

acetal

Answer 66

has 2 ether (either C or C) like groups bonded to a carbon - for example - OR-OR-C-C (OR is replacing the OH in hemiacetal)

Question 67

acetal has same formula as hemiacetal but...

Answer 67

the OH will be replaced by an OR group. same with ketals and hemiketals

Question 68

EASY way to identify hemiacetal or acetal

Answer 68

if the central carbon (the one attached to 2 Os) has 1 alkoxy group (an O with CH or something attached) it's a hemiacetal. If the C has O attached with 2 alkoxy groups, it's an acetal.