Eating habits - 7th set (meta)

Question 1

Electron Transport Chain (body weight)

Answer 1

• the most productive stage of energy harvesting - maximum amount of ATP synthesized. you make daily body weight in ATP
• involves collection of membrane associated carriers
  not symmetrical (some are integral, some are peripheral proteins) arranged and pass e- from one to next member

Question 2

2 classes of carriers - electron transport chain

Answer 2

some accept electrons only from previous member
ii. …others accept electron, proton pair (e and H) - (then the E is passed to the next member, and then the proton is pumped across the membrane. then it generates a proton gradient at this time)

Question 3

the proton is pumped across the

Answer 3

the membrane - generates a proton gradient -
> functions unidirectionally
> some functions as proton pumps

Question 4

prokaryotes, etc operates at the

Answer 4

plasma membrane level = surrogate mitochondria. eukaryotes - inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 5

as electrons pass down the electron transport system..

Answer 5

trapped energy is released and ATP is generated

Question 6

electron carriers (names)

Answer 6

flavoproteins, metal containing proteins, ubiquinone, cytochromes

Question 7

Flavoproteins - electron carrier

Answer 7

integral proteins, have a riboflavin derivative associated with it - called FMN (flavin mononucleotide)

Question 8

Metal containing proteins - electron carrier

Answer 8

integral proteins - either iron or sulfur associated with it. elements (like Fe). Fe alternates between oxidized and reduced state.

Question 9

Ubiquinone - electron carrier

Answer 9

non-protein, small organic lipid soluble molecules. sandwiched between lipid layers. in E. coli, its called menaquinone - it gets converted to vitamin K in a few steps.

Question 10

Cytochromes - electron carrier

Answer 10

mixed proteins (integral or peripheral) with Fe and heme associated w/ their structure. Fe is the one that alternates between an oxidized and a reduced form. electrons usually passed to cytochrome B - then C - the A - then A3.

Question 11

collagen is similiar

Answer 11

in animals and humans

Question 12

fermentation (bread)

Answer 12

no 02, glycolysis only, organic molecule either pyruvate (made during glycolysis) - becomes lactic acid or acetaldehyde, commercially important

used by organisms that cannot respire; no oxygen usage
- ATP synthesized during glycolysis only, thus low yield - only a few atp made by substrate level phosphorylation.
- there is NO Krebs cycle or ETC reactions
- terminal electron acceptor (along with protons from NADH) is a organic molecule - not inorganic (this is associated w/ respiration)
(either pyruvate or it’s derivative - then it becomes lactic acid or acetaldehyde (if it undergoes decarboxylation)
- end products are used as markers for identification and are commercially important products

Question 13

function of fermentation

Answer 13

to generate steady supply of NAD+, which is recycled. to convert NADH back into the coenzyme NAD+ so that it can be used again

Question 14

metabolism definition

Answer 14

the sum of all chemical reactions inside cells.

Question 15

respiratory has___pathways

Answer 15

has all 3 pathways, linear, branched , cylindrical

Question 16

electrochemical gradient (name split)

Answer 16

2 parts - it is a charge and a chemical compound. the gradient has the potential energy = proton motive force (the cell is a tiny battery), it’s trapped to make atp.

Question 17

chemosmotic theory (synthase)

Answer 17

2 important things - 1. protons (H) can’t just diffuse membrane, only through pores and channels. 2. aligned by atp synthase - can only get through there.

Question 18

fenfen

Answer 18

leaky mitochondria. co2 poisoning stops E transport chain

Question 19

cytochrome a and a3 (when together) - form

Answer 19

if bacteria have cytochrome oxidase, they are called oxidase positive cells. some includes niessera gonorrhea and pseudomonas.
some have a and a3 separate - called oxidase negative cells. ex. E.coli, salmonella, proteus

Question 20

bacteria and animal has stayed the same

Answer 20

cytochromes

Question 21

once the proton is passed to the next member, it gets…

Answer 21

reoxidized

Question 22

cytochromes are similar in..

Answer 22

humans and animals. it is evolutionary conserved.

Question 23

when FAD accepts a proton electron pair…

Answer 23

as a hydrogen atom, it gets reduced to FADH2

Question 24

NAD accepts the electron…

Answer 24

it becomes NADH and drops first member flavoprotein. flavo is accepting electron proton pair. these protons are pumped across the membrane.

Question 25

flavoprotein delivers electron to...

Answer 25

ubiquinone

Question 26

ubiquione not a proton..

Answer 26

pump

Question 27

when the carrier can pump the proton across the membrane..

Answer 27

it creates a chemical gradient

Question 28

the outside of the membrane has more..

Answer 28

protons. there is a tendency to neutralize the charges. its like a dam with potential energy.

Question 29

protons cannot..

Answer 29

diffuse the membrane. they need atp synthase.

Question 30

the last member accepts the electron..

Answer 30

and is reoxidized (accepts O) and becomes water.

Question 31

oxidase test is used to identify

Answer 31

gonorrhea

Question 32

hydrogen protons cannot..

Answer 32

diffuse across the membrane

Question 33

pyruvic acid is a..

Answer 33

3 carbon compound, and it's the end product of glycolysis

Question 34

decarboxylation is..

Answer 34

a release of CO2

Question 35

NADH and FADH2 (in the Kreb's cycle) are the..

Answer 35

carriers of the H atom

Question 36

ADP is turned into ATP in Kreb's by

Answer 36

during phosphorylation, from some inorganic high energy compounds

Question 37

final electron acceptor is always an inorganic molecule

Answer 37

respiration

Question 38

final electron acceptor is an organic molecule

Answer 38

fermentation

Question 39

2 types of respiration

Answer 39

aerobic and anaerobic

Question 40

oxidized

Answer 40

electrons are lost or combines with oxygen

Question 41

reduced

Answer 41

electrons are gained

Question 42

proteins are located on the..

Answer 42

membrane

Question 43

if electron is passed on, the carrier gets

Answer 43

reoxadized

Question 44

2 components of proton motive force

Answer 44

electrical and chemical

Question 45

when oxygen accepts electron at end of chain, it gets...

Answer 45

reduced to h20

Question 46

iron sulfate is a proton

Answer 46

pump

Question 47

decarboxylation occurs during..

Answer 47

transition reaction

Question 48

nad full name (nic ad)

Answer 48

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Question 49

fadh2 full name

Answer 49

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 50

FADH2 and NADH are produced in the..

Answer 50

krebs cycle

Question 51

6 reactions in Krebs cycle

Answer 51

anabolism, isomerization, redox reaction, decarboxylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, and hydration.

Question 52

fermentation is a part of..

Answer 52

respiration

Question 53

every time an electron carrier accepts an electron, it gets

Answer 53

reduced

Question 54

every time an electron carrier passes on an electron, it gets

Answer 54

reoxidized

Question 55

every single carrier goes between a

Answer 55

reduced and oxidized form

Question 56

oxygen accepts both the

Answer 56

electron and proton pair

Question 57

atp during fermentation is only through

Answer 57

substrate phosphorylation

Question 58

end products in fermentation used for

Answer 58

markers for identification.

Question 59

propionibacterium

Answer 59

aceldalehyde - then Co2, propionic acid - swiss cheese

Question 60

aspergillus lactobacillus streptococcus

Answer 60

lactic acid - cheddar cheese, yogurt, soy sauce

Question 61

saccharomyces

Answer 61

yeast. co2, ethanol - wine, beer

Question 62

clostridium (closet)

Answer 62

acetone, isopropanol - nail polish remover, rubbing alcohol

Question 63

proteus ferments

Answer 63

glucose, but not lactose.

Question 64

e.coli and enterobacter ferment

Answer 64

both glucose and lactose.

Question 65

when e.coli ferments it forms

Answer 65

mixed stable acids (could be lactic, formic acid, succinic acid).

Question 66

when enterobacter aerogenes ferments, it forms

Answer 66

unstable acids, they get further degraded to form 2.3 butanediol

Question 67

acetaldehyde occurs during fermentation if...

Answer 67

it undergoes decarboxylation

Question 68

cyclical metabolic reaction

Answer 68

kreb's cycle

Question 69

terminal electron acceptor gets..

Answer 69

reduced and then reoxidized