Traffic - Week 1 Flashcards by Amanda S.

mechanistic approach

explains how - you shiver bc of a drop in body T

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teleological approach

the why - shiver because you need to keep warm

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Chemical Levels of Organization

atoms, molecules and cells - basic unit of living things.

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All Cells…

obtain nutrients and O2, make energy, eliminate waste, make molecules, respond to change, exchange material, transport molecules, reproduce

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Types of tissue

MENC - muscle, epithelial, nervous, connective

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Types of muscle tissue

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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Types of epithelial tissue

sheets and secretory glands

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Nervous tissue is in the…

brain, spinal cord and nerves

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Level of Organization (big picture)

cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, whole organism

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Homeostasis

a dynamic equilibrium where body conditions are

maintained within narrow limits.

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all cells are in contact with the aqueous (watery)

internal environment

homeostasis

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extracellular fluid (ECF)

(1) plasma (fluid in the blood)

2) interstitial fluid (surrounding cells

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Homeostasis maintains…

concentration of molecules, O2 and CO2, waste products, pH, water, salt levels, temp, volume and pressure

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Sensor

a. monitors variable

b. responds to changes (stimuli) by sending input to integrator

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integrator

determines set point (appropriate level of variable) b. compares set point to input c. sends response to effector

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Effector

responds to changes
- most control systems operate using negative
feedback 1. decreases or shuts off original stimulus
2. resists change

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Control mechanisms

sensor, integrator, effector

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3 subdivisions of cells

plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

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plasma membrane (cell membrane)

a.defines inside/outside
b. intracellular fluid (ICF) - inside cell c. extracellular fluid (ECF) - outside cell
d.selectively permeable - controls movement of
molecules between ICF and ECF

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nucleus

a.usually near cell center
b. double layered membrane
c.contains DNA, “genetic blueprint,” directs protein
synthesis, control center of cell

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cytoplasm

a. area between nucleus and plasma membrane
b. contains organelles
(1) separation of chemical reactions (2) specialized for a particular function
c. semiliquid, site of chemical reactions

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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

interconnected fluid-filled membrane

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Types of ER

a. smooth - interconnected tubules
b. rough - interconnected flattened sacs
(1) has ribosomes which help in protein synthesis (cell also has “free” ribosomes)

Rough ER

synthesizes proteins and lipids, releases them to ER

lumen. some will become new membrane for the cell or its organelles. Modified in lumen.

Smooth ER

in most cells it packages and transports products of rough ER (sections pinch off and become transport vesicles, move to Golgi complex)

Specialized Smooth ER

) lipid synthesis (steroid hormone secreting cells) | 2) detoxify harmful substances (liver cells (3) store calcium (muscle cells)

Golgi complex

layers of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae). processes ER products into final form 3. sorts and sends products to appropriate place. (secretion, exocytosis)

lysosomes

membrane containing hydrolytic enzymes. Digests bacteria. (1) pinocytosis - fluids, "cell drinking" (2) phagocytosis - large particles, "cell eating"

- peroxisomes

membrane sacs containing oxidative enzymes. use oxygen to remove hydrogen from molecules. Detoxifies - like alcohol.

mitochondria

have double membrane a. inner membrane has folds called cristae b. matrix is gel inside. apoptosis ( cell death) 3. converts energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

three steps in forming ATP

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

glycolysis

``` in cytosol (2) glucose ➝ 2 pyruvic acid (3) 2 ATP/glucose (4) attach H to carrier molecules making nadh this is anaerobic ```

citric acid cycle

``` needs oxygen (3) occurs in mitochondria acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (4) CO2 is produced (5) H attached to carrier molecules (NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FAD, flavine adenine dinucleotide; become NADH and FADH2. 2 more ATP ```

electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

needs oxygen. inner mitochondrial membrane that has electrons. NADH and FADH2 enter. electron removed from each H, ends up on O2. Energy from E used to transport H across inner membrane, this creates gradient. H+ can only flow back across channels with ATP synthase (chemiosmotic mechanism). Yields 28 ATP. O2 and H become H2O.

vaults

non-membranous, octagonal organelle made of | protein. used to transport molecules, mRNA. may help make cancer cells drug resistant.

Cytosol

(liquid part of the cytoplasm) 55% of cell volume. enzyme regulation of intermediary metabolism (means Molecules made and broken down). ribosome synthesis. storage of fat and glycogen. Inclusion - masses of stored nutrients. No membrane. Can break down to make atp. provides raw material for structure

Cytoskeleton

TICS protein network in cytosol 1. supports and organizes enzymes - rigidity 2. controls movements of cell and within cell 3. transport and movement 4. influence gene regulation

3 parts of Cytoskeleton

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Cytoskeleton - Microtubules

largest, maintain shape in cell development (helpful in asymmetrical cells) transports vesicles (motor protein) , movement of cilia and flagella, form mitotic spindle. Made mostly of protein tubulin. Early in develop.

centrioles

part of cytoskeleton - organelle, no membrane. (a pair of microtubule groups) assemble the mitotic spindle

Cytoskeleton - microfilaments

smaller, many made of actin, ring that divides a cell - pinches and separates halves (3) amoeboid movement - some cells can break down actin filaments in order to move the whole cell (e.g., white blood. support microvilli. support microvilli - extensions of cytoplasm important for increasing surface area of cell

Cytoskeleton - intermediate filaments

medium size, made of different proteins, very stable. strengthen and stabilize cell, hold together contractile units in muscle cells. Made of hair and nails-keratin. Communication.

2 types of glands

Exocrine - secrete through ducts to outside of body | Endocrine - secrete hormones internally through blood

Microvilli

Help Increase surface area

Pseudopods

False feet

cilia

shorter, hairlike, many on a single cell; move substances across surface of cell (respiratory tract, oviduct)

flagella

long, one per human cell; move whole cell (sperm)

cilia and flagella on microtubule

both have same basic structure of grouped | microtubules; movement is produced when a motor protein (dynein) displaces tubules relative to one another

formation of mitotic spindle

(1) formed during mitosis (division of nucleus) and directs movement of chromosomes (DNA) (2) centrioles (a pair of microtubule groups) assemble the mitotic spindle

cilia and flagella

both have same basic structure of grouped | microtubules; movement is produced when a motor protein (dynein) displaces tubules relative to one another

elements of cytoskeleton are interconnected

STOC a. supports cell, responsible for rigidity and shape b. organizes groups of enzymes c. directs transport and movement d. may transfer mechanical forces for communication, may influence gene regulation

body controlled

mainly by nervous and endocrine systems

size of human cell

10-20 μm in diameter

exocytosis

A secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, becomes part of the plasma membrane.

endocytosis

plasma membrane that pockets inward and pinches off as an endocytic vesicle. pseudopods.

in the citric acid cycle...

the building blocks of fats and proteins can be used to make ATP - they can be made into intermediate molecules