chem ch. 20 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
carbohydrates or polyhydroxy are
A
aldehyde or ketones
2
Q
carbohydrates end in…
A
ose
3
Q
simple monosaccaharide has…
A
3-7 carbons
4
Q
triose
A
monosaccharide with 3 carbons
5
Q
tetrose monosaccharide
A
4 carbons
6
Q
pentose
A
5 carbons
7
Q
hexose
A
6 carbons - glucose in this category
8
Q
heptose
A
7 carbons
9
Q
aldose
A
when they have aldehyde functional gropu
10
Q
ketose
A
when they have ketone functional group
11
Q
fischer projection
A
This is the straight chain, not coiled/cyclic. C=O aldehyde or ketone should be at the top.
12
Q
every sugar has a…
A
chiral carbon
13
Q
if you have aldose with 4C, how many will be chiral?
A
2 of them will be chiral
14
Q
if you have pentose, 5 C, then you have how many chiral carbons?
A
3, it’s always 2 less with aldos
15
Q
ketoriose has no…
A
chiral center
16
Q
top and bottom C are not..
A
chiral. they are attached to H2OH and H
17
Q
ketose chiral is…
A
3 less than the total number of Cs
18
Q
ketotetrose has how many chiral?
A
1 chiral. 3 less than the total C - 4
19
Q
isomers types
A
stereoisomers and structural
20
Q
stereoisomer can be either…
A
1) enatiomer
2) diastereomers
21
Q
for sugars, nature uses D or L? (nature Digs sugar)
A
D - sugars (amino acid is the opposite, it’s L for amino acids)
22
Q
if OH group is on the right, it’s
A
D. If it’s left, it’s L
23
Q
two stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are called…
A
diastomers
24
Q
sugar reactions - aldehyde
A
aldehyde - oxidized to carboxylic acid and can be reduced to alcohol
25
sugar w/ aldehyde naming when oxidized (sugar ate the oxi)
D-glucose becomes D-gluconate
26
any sugar reduced is called...
reducing sugar
27
all aldoses are...
reducing sugars (because they can be oxidized)
28
ketone can't be...
oxidized
29
BUT*****ketoses in basic solution can be...
oxidized (they normally cannot because they don't have a free bond) - it's called tautomerization. The double bond is literally moved from the second carbon to the top carbon.
30
all simple sugars, including all aldhydes and ketose in BASIC solution (OH-) are...
reducing sugars.
31
sugars can also do...
reduction reaction - ie - aldehydes reduced to primary alcohol and ketones reduced to secondary alcohol
32
haworth structure
coiled together
33
aldehyde + alcohol =
hemiacetal
34
internal hemiacetal formation will become
cyclic
35
C # 1 is the...
anomeric carbon - ONLY in cyclic structure, not Fischer
36
if OH is pointing up (on top), it's
beta
37
if OH is pointing down (on the bottom), it's
alpha
38
in the solution, alpha and beta can be...
converted to each other (first converted to Fischer (straight chain) - then either alpha or beta)
39
mutarotation
alpha can be converted to B and vice versa in solution
40
look at C number one, and you can tell if it's
alpha or beta depending on how the OH is arranged - either on top or on bottom
41
D-glucose
also called dextrose or blood sugar. Aldohexose. D-glucose is most abundant
42
anything cyclic with anything other than C is called.
heterocylic
43
D-glucose is found in...(what foods) (FCH glucose)
fruit, honey, corn syrup
44
building block of all polysaccharides is...
D-glucose
45
D-glucose can be stored as...
gylcogen in our liver
46
D-galactose (this is an aldohexose) (milk of the galaxy)
known as milk sugar - in milk is lactose
47
important component of brain and nervous system (brain is a galaxy)
D-galactose
48
galactosemia
deficiency of enzyme to covert galactose to glucose. as a result, toxic level of galactose in blood, kidney failure. treatment is galactose free diet.
49
D-fructose - what food can you find it in?
fruit sugar, honey
50
is sugar soluble or insoluble?
soluble and can make H bonds
51
D-ribose (RNA) and deoxyribose (DNA)
main compenent of DNA and RNA
52
glycosidic bond
the bond (oxygen) between two carbons in disaccharide
53
disaccharides (3 of them) (die slm)
1) maltose
2) lactose
3) sucrose
54
lactase - think, not lactose
enzyme that breaks down lactose - if you don't have it, you are lactose intolerant
55
sucrose is known as...
table sugar (alpha 1 and 2 link)
56
polysaccharides
polymer of glucose only*****
| one that is digestible by humans is starch
57
starch (amy loves starch)
A) amylose (20%) - this is the soluble part - non-branched
B) amylopectine (80%) - branched
beans, wheat, grains
58
glycogen
found in animals, polymer of glucose, can be stored in liver
59
cellulose - covered in cellulose (plants in the frat)
most abundant polysaccharide on earth, but humans can't use it. Fibrous. B (1,4)
60
saccharides can be any of the following: (1, 2 or 3)
monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides
61
general name for glyceraldehyde
aldotriose. Aldotriose can be used for different sugars, it's just a general name.
62
in sugars, every carbon aside from the functional group has to have...
an OH group
63
the last C in all sugars looks like...
CH2OH
64
ketone with 3 Cs (ketotriose) is the only one that...
doesn't have chiral center. Ketotriose doesn't exist in nature, btw
65
fructose is a ketose with...(we're left with 3 fruits)
6 carbons, and the 3rd C the OH is on the left. All other OHs on the right
66
glucose is an aldose with...(glucose is the 3rd house on the left)
6 carbons, and the 3rd OH is on the left, the other OHs on the right
67
for mirror image, DO not change any carbons that...
are not chiral. Only switch the chiral carbons (ie - don't switch the top and bottom carbons)
68
enantiomers are...
stereoisomers that are mirror images - just means that they are mirror images of each other
69
the next to last carbon used that is attached to the D or L is called..
penaltimate carbon
70
if you have more than one chiral carbon, how do you determine D or L?
use the chiral carbon furthest from the functional group, so it will be the second from the bottom
71
remember, aldehydes can be oxidized to..
carboxylic acid
72
remember, aldehydes can be reduced to...
alcohols
73
any sugar that can be oxidized, is called..
a reducing sugar. A reducing sugar is anything that can be changed to a carboxylate
74
sugar alcohols are what structure?
hayworth structure
75
fischer projection only used for
straight chain sugars
76
when you make sugar alcohols into a circle, you're joining which carbons together?
1 and 5, and 6 is sticking out on top - (if there are 6 carbons - if there are 7, then it's the 6th carbon)
77
in sugar alcohols, the OH from the 5th carbon (or second to last)
is the one that joins with aldehyde to form the hemiacetal. The double bond from the aldehyde becomes a single bond, and it turns into OH
78
to identify D or L, look at the...
C furthest away from the carbonyl group (obviously not the last one, but the one with the last OH group)
79
d-glucose is the building block...
of all polysaccharides
80
glucose can be stored as...
glycogen in our body
81
every single sugar has to be converted to...
glucose for us to use it
82
galactosemia
deficiency of the enzyme to covert gala - glu. as a result, toxic level of galactose in blood. treatment is galactose free diet.
83
sugar is insoluble or soluble?
very soluble bc of the OH groups
84
in diastomers, the difference is...
OH group is on different side for at least one chiral center. that's it.
85
where to place OH group in ring (up or down) (downright confusing)
right is down, left is up
86
alpha is going...
down
87
beta is on..
top
88
left (L) OH is which way?
up
89
right (D) OH is which way? (downright confusing)
down
90
maltose (malts only need 2 glucoses)
2 glucose
91
lactose (milk for GG)
1 glucose + 1 galactose
92
sucrose (fg sucrose is good)
fructose and glucose
93
gyclosidic bond is labeled with what carbons?
the carbons that are linked together, can be 1,4 or 1,2 etc.
94
in glcyocidic bond, if the first carbon is alpha, label it
alpha 1,4. if it's beta, do beta 1,4
95
2 disaccharides combined form...
acetal (a C attached to 2 oxygen, an acetyl group, and an H)
96
maltose - alpha and beta info. (malt is god)
alpha 1,4
97
lactose - alpha and beta info. (frat lactose intolerant)
beta 1,4
98
sucrose - alpha and beta info. (sucrose is the first god, and FG it's good) and what's it's made of
alpha 1,2 anomeric link fructose and glucose
99
glycogen - alpha or beta info. (god needs glycogen)
alpha 1,4 link, some alpha 1,6 but usually 1,4
