Philosophy

Question 1

beneficence

Answer 1

promoting patient’s best interest and protecting from harm

Question 2

nonmalifience

Answer 2

do no harm

Question 3

Axiology (and something else - does the ax have value)

Answer 3

the philosophical study of goodness and VALUES. The philosophical study of value. It includes questions about the nature and classification of values and about what kinds of things have value.

Question 4

Metaphysics (Ontology); (I’m on to what is metaphysics) and who practices it?

Answer 4

Alternate realities. Ontology is the inquiry into what “is”, what exists. Metaphysics is the study of what “is” outside of the physical world - Ideas (in the Platonic sense), Forms (in the Aristotelian sense) and theological concepts such as souls, angels and gods

Question 5

Epistemology (pist bc it’s knowledge)

Answer 5

The study of the origin of knowledge.

the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.

Question 6

Logic (logically the referee evaluates)

Answer 6

application of logical methods to philosophical problem. The referee. System or method used to evaluate arguments.

Question 7

Aesthetics

Answer 7

a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed through judgments of taste

Question 8

Ethics

Answer 8

involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior

Question 9

Descriptive (I’m describing my view on morality)

Answer 9

the study of people’s views about moral beliefs.

Question 10

normative ethics (norm takes action)

Answer 10

normative ethics is the study of ethical action (Kant, Mill and Ethics of Care)

Question 11

metaethics (betta study the basic ethics)

Answer 11

concerned primarily with reflections on ethics itself. Some issues within metaethics include the meaning of moral terms like “ought,” “right,” and “virtue”; the metaphysical status of moral norms; the proper grounds for
justifying moral claims; and the nature of moral knowledge.

Question 12

Applied ethics (just applying ethics)

Answer 12

practical application of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions

Question 13

Bioethics - AND what type of ethics

Answer 13

The study of the ethical dimensions of medicine and the biological sciences; applied normative ethics

Question 14

Biomedical Ethics

Answer 14

The study of what one is obligated or permitted to do, or prohibited from doing, in different contexts of biotechnology, medical practice, and medical research

Question 15

Correspondence Theory of Truth

Answer 15

objective. Narrowly speaking, the correspondence theory of truth is the view that truth is correspondence to, or with, a fact. that truth is a relational property involving a characteristic relation.

Question 16

relativism

Answer 16

subjective. the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.

Question 17

normative ethics (norm takes action)

Answer 17

that branch of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with criteria of what is morally right and wrong.

Question 18

relativism

Answer 18

the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.

Question 19

Virtue ethics - AND what type of ethics is it

Answer 19

a class of normative ethical theories which treat the concept of moral virtue as central to ethics. Plato & Aristotle

Question 20

Deontological (Deon it’s your duty) and what type of ethics

Answer 20

(Kant; duty/nonconsequentialist). the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action

Question 21

Utilitarian - and what type of ethics?

Answer 21

Utilitarian (Bentham, Mill;
consequentialist). a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals

Question 22

Feminist Ethics/Ethics of Care

Answer 22

Moral decision-making is expected to be rational and logical, with a focus on universal, objective rules. In contrast, ethics of care defends some emotions, such as care or compassion, as moral

Question 23

moral theory (the theory explains it)

Answer 23

An explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person’s character is good or bad.
• Tells us what it is about an action that makes it right

Question 24

Faculties (artistotle)

Answer 24

These are capable of experiencing the emotions, e.g., getting angry or feeling pity etc.

Question 25

Two vices: Aristotle (think Aristotle)

Answer 25

Two vices: 1. Excess | 2. Deficiency

Question 26

aristotle - objective or subjective?

Answer 26

subjective. This kind of "happiness" refers to the excellent living conditions that people hope to achieve. The highest purpose of life is the state in which people live the best and the most prosperous, similar to what we now call “successful life”. Everything that one does in life could considered both a means and an end, but happiness is the only thing that could be purely considered an end. There is nothing further in life than pure happiness. Therefore Aristotle argues that this overarching goal is in fact the one true goal of human existence.

Question 27

kant (Kan't everyone adopt and will it?) Universal imperative

Answer 27

An action is right if and only if one can both 1) consistently conceive of everyone adopting and acting on the maxim of one’s action, and also 2) consistently will that everyone act on the maxim.

Question 28

maxim

Answer 28

an expression of moral rule or principle

Question 29

moral theory (just good and bad, thats it)

Answer 29

An explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person’s character is good or bad

Question 30

Virtue ethics (character is the key to virtue)

Answer 30

A moral theory that focuses on the development of virtuous character. character is the key to the moral life, for it is from a virtuous character that moral conduct and values naturally arise

Question 31

artistotle's view - which type of ethics (just him and Plato)

Answer 31

virtuous ethics

Question 32

highest good - Artistotle (3 things)

Answer 32

1. It is desirable for itself. 2. It is not desirable for the sake of some other good. 3. All other goods are desirable for its sake (i.e., happiness and living well).

Question 33

2 theories of truth

Answer 33

relativism and correspondence theory of truth

Question 34

Bioethics - what type of ethics (think, it's medicine, so it's..)

Answer 34

is applied ethics, a domain within general normative ethics.

Question 35

philosophical ethic is just....

Answer 35

ethics, the study of right and wrong

Question 36

2 branches of philosophical ethics (philosophy is just M&Ns)

Answer 36

metaethics and normative ethics. Metaethics talks about the nature of ethics and moral reasoning. ... Normative ethics is interested in determining the content of our moral behavior - what we ought to do.

Question 37

2 branches of normative ethics (in general, Norm is applied)

Answer 37

general normative ethics and applied ethics

Question 38

2 branches in applied ethics (it's all applied medicine)

Answer 38

bioethics and medical ethics. Medical is an offshoot of bio.

Question 39

Aristotle is the...

Answer 39

father of logic

Question 40

Aristotle - law of identity:

Answer 40

A = A. everything is identical to itself

Question 41

Aristotle - Law of non-contradiction -

Answer 41

Not both A and not A - nothing can exist and not exist at the same time

Question 42

Aristotle - law of excluded middle (either exclude)

Answer 42

Either A or not A. either something exists, or it does not exist

Question 43

argument (always 2 parts to an argument)

Answer 43

basic complete unit of reasoning. | a group of statements (premise - factual claim) to provide support for the conclusion (the evidence).

Question 44

truth value (truth is binary)

Answer 44

something is either true or false

Question 45

2 conditions that make something an argument (I argue the evidence)

Answer 45

1) at least one statement must present evidence | 2) the claim is supported by evidence

Question 46

2 types of arguments (arguments DI)

Answer 46

deduction and induction

Question 47

deduction arguments (I've deducted that it's impossible to learn this)

Answer 47

stronger than induction. claims that it is impossible for argument to be false given that the claims are true.

Question 48

induction or inductive argument

Answer 48

deals w/ probability. argument which claims that is improbable (BUT not impossible, like deduction) that the conclusion is false.

Question 49

example of deductive form (my cat is deductive)

Answer 49

All A are B, all B are C, thus all A are C. All cats are mammals, all mammals are animals, thus cats are animals. This is a syllogism (the usually have 3 statements)

Question 50

syllogism (syllogism is synergy)

Answer 50

syllogism - 3 statements usually

Question 51

prediction (I predict the sun)

Answer 51

an inductive argument (probable, but not impossible) that comes from knowledge in the past about a future event. The sun has risen every day for millions of years (premise). The sun will rise tomorrow.

Question 52

for both inductive and deductive arguments, we need 2 things...(can we deduce it's true?)

Answer 52

1) does the premise support the conclusion, and 2) are all of the premises true?

Question 53

consequentialism - 2 types (consequentialism ARe hardcore)

Answer 53

act and rule consequentialism. Act is obligatory if the consequences are good (good for number of beds, bad for huntington's disease) rule is which rules will provide best consequences.

Question 54

deontonology not good for bioethics bc...

Answer 54

it doesn't take the amount into consideration, ie organ donation

Question 55

virtue ethics good for biomedicine bc...

Answer 55

the doctor does a good act because they believe it is the right thing to do. The motivation is the key.

Question 56

artistotle - 3 properties of the soul (FEM)

Answer 56

emotions, faculties, moral states

Question 57

Moral States - Aristotle (morals are in emotions)

Answer 57

These are well or ill disposed in our emotions

Question 58

happiness - Artistotle (aristotle is happy to live well)

Answer 58

to live well” or “to do well” is the same thing as “to be happy.

Question 59

by doing just acts that we become just

Answer 59

Artistotle

Question 60

conditions for virtue - artistotle - KDC (virtue knows, deliberately, character)

Answer 60

1. They must know what they are doing. 2. They must deliberately choose to do it and do it for its own sake. 3. They must do it as part of his own firm and immutable character

Question 61

aristotle virtue (aristotle means virtue)

Answer 61

The mean between excess & deficiency

Question 62

humanity formulation - Kant (discrimination is not part of humanity)

Answer 62

An action is right if and only if the action treats persons, including oneself, as ends in themselves and not merely as a means (ex. means is discrimination, discount their equality)

Question 63

Nothing can be called good without qualification except a good will

Answer 63

Kant

Question 64

Act-Utlitarianism (acting is relatively good)

Answer 64

The rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

Question 65

Rule-Utlitarianism

Answer 65

A right action is one that conforms to a rule that, if followed consistently, would create for everyone involved the most beneficial balance of good over bad

Question 66

utilitarianism - role of morality is...

Answer 66

to provide rules that will produce an existence with maximum happiness and minimum unhappiness for all humanity

Question 67

ethics of care rejects...

Answer 67

the more likely to avoid bias and arbitrariness, the more nearly to achieve impartiality

Question 68

Willard's truth (Willard matches it)

Answer 68

Truth is always the matching up of an idea to reality. Relativism encourages us not to try to seek out the truth

Question 69

Seigel - self-referential claim about truth

Answer 69

“All truth is relative” is self referentially is incoherent in that if the claim is true then it is also false

Question 70

rachels

Answer 70

From the fact that cultures have divergent moral beliefs on an issue, it does not logically follow that there is no objective moral truth

Question 71

rachels - problems with relativism

Answer 71

1. We could no longer say that the customs of other societes are morally inferior to our own. 2. We could decide whether actions are right or wrong just by consulting the standards of our society. 3. The idea of moral progress is called into doubt.

Question 72

rachels - relativism (Rachels keeps an open mind)

Answer 72

We should see things through an open mind and not let our feelings and what we have been taught by our culture get in the way of finding the truth

Question 73

who was a nonconsequentionalist?

Answer 73

Kant

Question 74

ontology

Answer 74

the study of being

Question 75

universal law formuation