Moment 5 Flashcards
1
Q
reactants
A
on left side
2
Q
products
A
on right side
3
Q
coefficient
A
number before the element, indicates the ratio of reactants to products in terms of moles
4
Q
unbalanced equation
A
one that does not follow the law of conservation of mass
5
Q
octet rule
A
gain or lose electrons until outer level is 8. change can be in composition or configuration.
6
Q
the substance undergoing a change
A
reactant
7
Q
reagent (agent)
A
partner in reaction less transformed than the reactant (such as catalyst)
8
Q
the final result of reaction
A
product
9
Q
reaction conditions (PCCTS - strayed)
A
temp, pressure, concentration, occurring in a solution, presence or absence of catalyst.
10
Q
combination reactions (just combine to 1)
A
two or more reactants combine to form a single product, ie A + B – . also called synthesis or addition reactions
11
Q
decomposition reactions (just decomp)
A
chemical reactions where single compound breaks down into component parts or simpler compounds, ie A — B + C
12
Q
most decomposition reactions are…
A
endothermic, heat needs to be added
13
Q
thermal decomposition caused by…
A
heat
14
Q
electrolytic decomposition due to…
A
electricity
15
Q
types of separation processes (separation is FCCD)
A
filtration, crystallization, distillation and chromatography
16
Q
separation…(into like piles)
A
sorts compounds after decomposition into like substances
17
Q
single substitution, displacement, or replacement reactions occur when…
A
one reactant is displaced by another to form the final product
18
Q
single substitution can be…
A
cationic or anionic
19
Q
ions or bonds are exchanged by 2 compounds to form different compounds - examples (missed compounds - substitute the exchange - MISDD)
A
double displacement, double replacement, substitution, metathesis, ion exchange
20
Q
double replacement reaction (just replacing, not changing)
A
chemical reactants exchange ions but the oxidation stays the same
21
Q
indicator of double displacement (double tomogenesis)
A
formation of solid precipitate
22
Q
acid/base reactions - which one gives, and which one accepts?
A
acid donates a proton, while base accepts proton
23
Q
acid and base reactions form a…(think chem) and the base becomes____
A
salt and water. when the proton is donated, the base becomes water and the remaining ion forms a salt.
24
Q
of atoms does not change during a…(atom at the Met)
A
metathesis reaction. even exchange.
25
combustion
sequence of chemical reactions involving fuel and an oxidant that produces heat and sometimes light
26
what determines the compounds formed during combustion? (fuel for the fire)
fuels and oxidants
27
exothermic process
releases energy
28
combustion is a___process
exothermic
29
exothermic energy is commonly released as____, but can be____(LES)
heat, but can be other forms like light electricity or sound
30
the mass of the catalyst should be...
the same at the beginning as the end
31
activation energy
minimum amount required to get a reaction started
32
causes particles to collide
activation energy
33
a catalyst enables..
more particles to react, which lowers the activation energy
34
potential of hydrogen (pH)
measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of H+ per liter of solution
35
a lower ph indicates a higher concentration of______(H - igh and low)
H+
36
pH of pure water
7, neutral
37
acidic ph
ph lower than 7
38
alakaline/BASE
ph higher than 7
39
common bases (BASSED - bath tub)
drain cleaner, soap, baking soda, ammonia, egg whites, sea water
40
common acids (SUB V - think body)
urine, stomach acid, vinegar, battery acid
41
pH indicator
detects hydrogen+
42
halochromic (chrome - color)
changes color to indicate hydrogen in pH indicator
43
traits of bases in aqueous solution
bitter taste, soapy texture, can restore the blue of litmus paper, can produce salts in reaction w/ acids
44
yields H+ ions
acids - Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis
45
yields OH- ions
bases- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis
46
some nonmetal oxides are classified as..(bases are usually metals - 1st place base metal)
bases bc they easily produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed w/ water
47
property that defines an acid (jesse t-shirt - couch)
the ionization of H atoms, and split from parent to make electrical charge. Either provide H+ or accept OH-, and they lower the pH.
48
carboxylic acids (carbon goes with...)
ionization of O atoms. carbon bonds w/ an O atom.
49
soluble in water and high boiling point
acid
50
strong or weak acids (give or receive)
the tendency of atoms to ionize by donating or accepting charged particles
51
strong acid (take all)
if all atoms ionize
52
acetic acid - HC2H3O2 is a___acid
weak, bc only O2 ionize in water
53
highly reactive acids and bases are...
strong bc they form and break bonds quickly
54
properties of salts (salt AB metal in tight water)
they are formed from acid base reactions, are ionic compounds consisting of metallic and nonmetallic, disassociate in water, comprised of tightly bonded ions.
55
salt hydrolysis reaction (how salt is made)
when salt and water react to form a base and an acid
56
basic units of metric system (metric system is glm)
meter, liter, gram.
57
metric system starts w/ a...(counting by 10s)
base unit and increases or decreases in units of 10
58
deka
10 times the base unit
59
hecto
100 times the base amount
60
kilo
1,000 times the base amount
61
deci/centi/milli
1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 of base amount
62
SI
uses the second to measure time
63
SI base units - ampere (refrigerator)
ampere (A) - to measure electrical current
64
graduate cylinders
used for precise measurements, made of either polypropylene (shatter-resistant - can't be heated) or polymethylpentene (known for clarity)
65
measurement should be taken from bottom of curve (bottom graduate)
graduated cylinder
66
burette (glass barrett)
glassware used to dispense liquid
67
erlenmeyer, or volumetric flask used for....
measuring, mixing, transporting, and reacting. Most accurate for volume.
68
pipette - read at the.....
accurately measure small amounts of liquid. measurement read at the meniscus.
69
repipette (re-pump)
a hand-operated pump that dispenses solution
70
balances (SET)
ex. triple-beam balance, spring balance, electronic balance - all measure mass and force
71
electronic balance is the most...(then...)
accurate, followed by triple-beam and then spring.
72
plate (nadia)
part of a triple-beam where the item to be weighted is placed
73
the sum of the weight of each beam is the...(sum is the total)
total weight of the object
74
triple-beam includes (ikea)
set screw to calibrate.
75
data tables should be formed for...
every trial.
76
data should be...(RRA - do it and make it right)
repeatable, reproduceable and accurate
77
researchers should perform...(practice makes..)
practice tests, correctly calibrate and retest
78
most important skill in science
observation
79
data-analysis process (analyze the OC)
twin skills of ordering and categorizing. should be able to compare results with other published tests
80
scientific models (science and..)
mathematical statements that describe physical behavior
81
scientific laws (nature behave)
statements about natural behavior that have stood the test of time
82
theory (put it all in)
statement of behavior that consolidates all current observations
83
terms that signal causes
since, because, due to
84
terms that signal effects (consequence)
consequently, therefore, this leads to
85
first step in scientific method (what's the issue?)
formulating the problem
86
second step in scientific method
forming a hypothesis
87
third step in scientific method
test the hypothesis w/ experimentation
88
quantitative
numeric measurement
89
qualatative
based on feeling or preference
90
final step in scientific method
draw conclusion
91
control group (control is normal)
represents the "normal" state of the variable being manipulated.
92
controls can be..
negative or positive
93
positive controls (positive outcome)
variables that the researcher expects to have an effect on the outcome of the experiment
94
negative control group (think what is neg)
placebos
95
variable that is purposely changed (change to be independent)
independent variable. The independent variable is changed by the scientists.
96
variable that is observed when independent variable is changed
dependent variable, this is the data.
97
constants (except...)
all variables except independent and dependent
98
co2 moves out of capillaries and...
diffuses across a thin layer into the lungs. this decreases co2 in the blood. air in lungs which is rich in co2 is then exhaled.
99
water moves passively across a membrane though...
pores made of aquaporin proteins
100
ex of osmosis (plant osmosis)
plants take in water through their roots. root cells contain minerals, sugar and salt dissolved in water.
101
formula for density
d = m/v
102
lower than pH of 7
acids
103
bases provide...
hydroxide ions (OH-) or accept H+ ions and raise pH.
104
higher than pH of 7
bases
105
maintains pH of 7
neutral
106
ex. of neutral solutions
water and human blood
107
cells function in a ____pH range
narrow
108
buffers
chemicals used by body to control pH. they can absorb excess H+ or OH-.
109
ex. of buffers in the body
carbon dioxide and bicarbonate
110
ionic bond contains a____and a_____
a metal and a non-metal. KCl
111
empirical evidence
evidence generated through experimentation
112
process of analyzing data includes these factors: (control the bias with accuracy - analyze - CARB)
the presence of bias (intentional or unintentional) controlled setting (changing one variable at a time), accurate data collection, replicable results.
113
conclusions are often presented as...(a leads to b)
cause and effect
114
independent variable (independent age)
the cause. variable being tested
115
controlled variable AND ex. (control everyday)
conditions being kept the same, ex. temp
116
ex. causal relationship - smoking and...
emphysema
117
as glucose rises..
the body releases insulin. Insulin allows for the cells to take in glucose
118
if blood glucose levels are too low..
glucagon is released, causing liver to break down glycogen into glucose
119
only variable you can manipulate in an experiment
the independent variable
120
ex. of independent variables
type or concentration of medicine
121
independent variable is plotted on the___axis
x-axis
122
dependent variable is plotted on the___axis (why it depends...)
y-axis
123
dependent variable
the effect. what is measured after the independent variable is changed
124
ex. of dependent variables (flower in light)
growth or response
125
control variables and ex. (control everyday - my hair)
should be kept the same during experiment, ex. temperature and humidity
126
8 parts of speech (VAAPPN CI)
nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. Some also consider articles, a, an, the.
127
a complete sentence must contain a...
subject and a predicate
128
simple predicate is the...
verb
129
complete predicate includes the..(predict the verb and...)
verb and its compliments and modifiers
130
the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the simple subject?
the noun - the child
131
the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the complete subject?
the eager, enthusiastic child
132
the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the simple predicate?
the verb - voiced
133
the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the complete predicate?
includes direct object - his story, and the prepositional modifier - with excitement
134
predicate
the part of the sentence containing a verb and stating something about the subject
135
clause
a group of words containing a subject and verb
136
independent clause
simple sentence that can stand on its own
137
dependent clause
cannot stand on its own
138
phrase - missing
a group of words that doesn't have a subject and a verb, used as a single part of speech
139
a simple sentence contains one...(santa)
independent clause
140
a complex sentence has an..(one of each)
independent clause and a dependent clause
141
a compound sentence has..(me and tu compound)
2 independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon
142
a compound-complex sentence has..(compound 3 santas)
2 independent clauses and a dependent clause
143
3 steps in the process of writing (PWR)
prewriting, writing and revision
144
si base unit - kelvin
the kelvin (K) used to measure thermodynamic temp,
145
si base unit - candela (the candle is....)
the candela (cd) used to measure luminous intensity
146
si base unit - mole
mole (mol) - amount of substance at molecular level
147
si base units - meter and kilogram
meter (m) measure length and kilogram (kg) used to measure mass
148
SI base units (si MMACKK on tu)
ampere, the kelvin (K) candela (cd) mole (mol) meter (m) kilogram (kg)
149
the independent variable is the...
difference between the experimental groups. I.e. the dimples.
150
the dependent variable is the...
data collected from the experiment. ie - the gas mileage
