Moment 4 Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
macromolecules (PLNC)
A
large and complex. 4 groups - carbohydrates (poysaccharides), nucleic acids, proteins and lipids
2
Q
building blocks in catabolic reactions (building cat FAMN)
A
what they break down into - monosaccharides (glucose), amino acids, fatty acids (glycerol) and nucleotides
During catabolic reactions, proteins are broken down into amino acids, lipids are broken down into fatty acids, and polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides
3
Q
endothermic reaction
A
reactions that absorb heat
4
Q
exothermic
A
reactions that release heat
5
Q
oxidation (loss of an electron) of carbs that provides cells with…
A
most of their energy
6
Q
glucose can be further broken down by…
A
cellular respiration or fermentation by glycosis.
7
Q
structure of carbs - formula
A
CH2O, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
8
Q
carbs are broken down into…
A
sugar or glucose
9
Q
simple sugars (simply FGGD)
A
monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galctose AND disaccharides
10
Q
monosaccharides have one__for every____molecule
A
carbon for every water molecule
11
Q
monomer (mono used for? - the point of everything)
A
is a small molecule. single compound that forms chemical bonds w/ other monomers to make a polymer. used to fuel production of energy in the form of atp
12
Q
polymer (mono follows poly)
A
chemical compound of larger molecules formed by repeating monomers
13
Q
ex. of polymers (pink polymers - PNC)
A
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
14
Q
lipids - soluble in…
A
molecules that are soluble in nonpolar solvents, they are hydrophobic and nonpolar. they have C-H bonds. they are not true polymers bc they are not formed from one type of repeating monomer.
15
Q
major role of lipids
A
energy storage and structural functions.
16
Q
groups (types) of lipids
A
fats and oils, phospholipids, steroids and waxes - all insoluble in water
17
Q
fats from food (trilgycerides)
A
gylcerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains.
18
Q
fatty acids (fatty necklace)
A
chains w/ reduced carbon at one end and carboxylic acid group at other.
This is what lipids are made of.
19
Q
ex of fatty acid
A
soap
20
Q
phospholipids (2 necklaces - think phospho)
A
2 fatty acid chains attached to a phosphate group. lipids that have a phosphate group rather than fatty acid
21
Q
glycerides (glycy fat)
A
type of lipid, formed from fatty acid and gylcerol (type of alcohol)
22
Q
ex of gylceride
A
fat and oil
23
Q
proteins are just…(their basic make up)
A
polymers of long chains of amino acids. macromolecules formed from amino acids, they are polypeptides - many peptides linked together
24
Q
how are peptide ions formed?
A
condensation. results from loss of water when 2 molecules are joined together
25
hydrolysis reaction (opposite of...)
Condensation requires energy - hydrolysis releases energy.
opposite of condensation reaction. water is added during condensation, and it releases energy as bonds break between monomers
26
peptide (think peptide bond)
a compound of 2 or more amino acids
27
amino acids are formed by....(partial amino)
formed by partial hydrolysis of protein, which forms amide bond.
28
in amino acids (carbon chain), there is...(amine 4)
carboxylic acid group and amine group, a central carbon atom and an attached R group (side chain)
29
enzymes
proteins w/ strong catalytic power, make chemical reactions happen faster and more often, but doesn't start them. they dont get consumed in the reaction.
30
substrate
reactant, enzymes only react w/ substrate that is matched for it
31
nucleic acids are made of..(nuclear punch) which elements...
polymers composed of nucleotides that contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
32
hydrolysis (cat is basic)
reaction in which water is broken down into hydrogen cations and hyroxide anions
33
oligonucleotides
short DNA or RNA molecules, broken down into smaller sugar nitrogenous units called nucleosides
34
nucleosides formed by.... (cat-o)
a purine base end in "osine", and pyrimidine base end in "idine"
35
macromolecular nucleic acid polymers
(RNA and DNA) formed from nucleotides, which are monomeric units joined by phosphodiester bonds
36
nitrogen fixation
used to make nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for protein
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nucleic acids functions - (nuclear energy and storage)
store information and energy and are also important catalysts
38
RNA catalyzes the...
transfer of DNA genetic information into protein coded information
39
ATP is an___nucleotide
RNA
40
nucleotides (only 3 things) - USED to form...it's all just sugar
used to form nucleic acid, made of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
41
chromosomes (gene in car - history book)
consist of genes - single units of genetic information. consist of DNA that winds around histone proteins, allows gene regulation.
42
DNA
a nucleic acid located in the nucleus and mitochondria, synthesis of proteins. a macromolecule.
43
DNA base attached with...
hydrogen bonds, so easy to dismantle
44
4 types of nitrogenous base in DNA (what pairs w/ what - micro)
adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
45
5 bases in DNA and RNA can be categorized as either..(just cat and pyramid)
pyrimidine or purine
46
pyrimidine base (CUT the pyramids)
includes cytosine, thymine and uracil
47
purine base (A Gato - purine)
adenine and guanine
48
ex of nucleosides (sides are AT)
adenosine and thymidine
49
bases are the most..(basic base) - learn this!
basic components. C joins w/ G, A joins w/ U - if it's DNA/RNA conversion.
50
codons are made of....(3 codes)
like ACG. groups of 3 nucleotides, rings of a ladder. a gene can be thousands of codons long. form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA
51
a codon has the code for...
either a single amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.
52
there are start and stop
condons. genes end with a stop codon.
53
when DNA replication starts...
it unwinds
54
DNA replication is controlled by...
enzymes
55
helicase
enzymes that instigate the deforming of hydrogen bonds
56
origin of replication
where the splitting starts
57
RNA helps...(helper RNA)
convert stored info in the genes composed of DNA into the proteins.
58
types of RNA (TRM) transfer ribs
ribosomal, transfer, and messenger RNA
59
transcription (transcribe Banjeree)
process in which RNA polymerase copies DNA to RNA
60
translation (last step)
the process where ribosomes use tRNA to put together protein
61
transfer RNA - help with Banerjee
molecule that helps in the translation process
62
RNA and DNA differ...
RNA has ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA nitrogen base is AGCU. Thymine is only found in DNA
63
only one backbone
RNA
64
uses pentose
RNA
65
mendel's law
law of segregation - no allele is favored over another one.
law of independent assortment - alleles are not inherited together, they are assorted.
66
law of segregation
there are 2 alleles and half of the total # of alleles is contributed by each parent. offspring have an equal chance of inheriting either allele, and no allele has advantage over another.
67
law of independent assortment (candy assortment - except...)
traits are passed on randomly and not influenced by other traits. exception is linked traits. alleles not inherited together.
68
punnett square
alleles combine from contributing genes to form various phenotypes (graph that shows the different combos)
69
dominant allele is expressed when...
2 different alleles are presented in a pair
70
gene (gene regulates dna's structure)
part of DNA that identifies traits and is passed on. can have structural or regulatory functions.
71
genotype (all in one)
collection of all genes that make up an individual - combo of two alleles also called genotype
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recessive genes
part of the genotype that may not be expressed
73
allele - also known as a....
variation of a gene, also known as a trait
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occurs in pairs
genes
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homozygous pair of alleles
dd, 2 alleles that are the same
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heterozygous
Dd - 2 alleles that are different
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monohybrid cross (monotrait)
cross involving only one trait, single trait 2 alleles. Parents are both homozygous. Tall plant crossed w/ short plant.
78
dihybrid cross (di - 2 - my eyes)
involving more than one trait, more combos are possible. starts w/ parental cross of 2 homozygous organisms. one is dominant for both traits, the other recessive for both traits.
79
1st monohybrid cross typically occurs between (mono - homo)
2 homozygous parents
80
co-dominance (co-cow)
cows can have red or white hair, or red and white hair
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incomplete dominance (diluted strawberry milk)
both dominant and recessive genes are expressed. ie snapdragons can be red, white, or pink
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polygenic inheritance (poly jeans)
traits that are influenced by more than one gene, plus environmental influences
83
multiple alleles
gene w/ more than 2 possible alleles
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polymorphic gene
gene w/ 2 or more possible forms
85
atoms consist of
nucleus, protons and electrons
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nucleus is___charged
positively, due to protons
87
molecules (adam)
atoms bonded together
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neutral atoms (what cancels each other out?)
atoms that have an equal number of protons and electrons
89
atomic radius (distance between...think radius)
distance btwn nucleus and outermost electron
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atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus
91
atomic mass
total number of protons and neutrons added together. electrons so small their weight isn't added
92
isotopes
members of a family of an element that all have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
93
isotopes not observed to decay are..
stable, non-radioactive
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radioactive isotopes
unstable nuclei and spontaneous reactions resulting in radiation.
95
electrons (leprach)
part of the lepton family of element particles.
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stable electron arrangement (low is stable)
atom w/ all electrons in lowest available positions
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valence shell
outer shell of atom
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valence electrons
electrons in valence shell, these determine bonding behavior
99
shells (climbin)
K, L, M, N.
100
polar bond (polar opposites)
covalent bond with one end negative and one end positive, electrons shared unequally. ie hydrogen and oxygen
101
negative ion
when an atom gains an electron
102
positive ion
when an atom loses an electron
103
ionic bond
complete transfer of electrons. between ions w/ opposite charges like metal and non-metal, result is neutral. formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms
104
ionization (willow)
process by which neutral particles are ionized into charged particles
105
compound (most basic combo)
when 2 or more different types of atoms bond
106
molecules or crystalline solids (same crystal)
atoms of same element bond
107
chemical bonding (just electrons)
union btwn electron structures
108
ionic bonding (robin's eye)
atom gains or loses electrons, turning it into an ion or charged atom.
109
covalent bonding - and the types
electrons shared equally between nonmetals and have non-polar bond. shared unequally = polar bond
110
hydrogen bonding
atom interacts w/ hydrogen atom in same area
111
dipole
one atom exerts slightly more force in a bond than another
112
polar covalent bond
electronegative difference between atoms is small, and one side is negatively charged, the other is positively charged. WATER IS POLAR.
113
electronegative difference is large (willow hair)
ionic bond
114
pure noncovalent bond (no charge if it's pure)
no electronegativity
115
element (elementary)
most basic type of matter
116
smallest unit of an element
atom
117
smallest independent unit of a compound (m is independent)
molecule
118
diatomic elements (di - HON)
elements that exist in nature as pairs, ie hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
119
low reactivity = (think shell almost full)
high number of electrons
120
principle energy levels (sister alice - shield out)
shield outer energy level from nuclear attraction, allowing valence electrons to react
121
further down periodic table
more reactive
122
intensive properties (intensity never changes)
do not depend on amount of matter or quantity of the sample. will not change if sample size is increased or decreased.
123
ex of intensive properties (CHB MD)
color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, density
124
extensive properties (extensive effects - one goes down, the other goes down)
do depend on amount of matter or quantity of sample. if sample size decreases, property decreases.
125
ex. of extensive properties (VEEW MME - 2 e's)
volume, mass, weight, energy, entropy, number of moles, electrical charge
126
physical properties AND ex. of physical property (VE (rubber band) T MC)
property that can be observed or measured, ie color, elasticity, mass, volume, temp. ex - boiling water.
127
density (d =...)
measure of amount of mass per unit volume
128
formula for density
D=m/V
129
specific heat (per what?)
heat capacity per unit mass.
130
thermal equalibrium (can't transfer if it's equal)
two regions w/ the same temp, and no net heat transfer will occur
131
conduction (touch)
a form of heat transfer that requires contact
132
chemical property - ex. (burn H)
RUST - a chemical change that must be carried out in order to observe and measure a property, ie when hydrogen gas is burned it forms water.
133
important properties of h2o (basic fact about h2o)
highly polar, negatively charged end and positively charged sides
134
cohesive and adhesive
water. cohesive allows it to travel w/out using energy. cohesive also creates surface tension.
135
weaker than covalent and ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
136
turgid
a plant cell that swells bc of water retention
137
matter
substances that have mass and occupy space
138
4 states of matter
solid, liquid, gas and plasma
139
solid (think bonds)
rigid w/ strong bonds
140
liquid - weak...
weak bonds
141
gas (bonds...)
does not form bonds
142
in order to transition from solid to liquid...(lazy heat)
additional heat must be added to overcome the latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporization, etc.
143
in the solid state, water is ___dense than in liquid
less. ie ice cubes float
144
a substance changing from solid to liquid is called...
melting
145
a liquid converted to a gas is called...(not condens)
vaporization
146
solid to gas conversion (brad)
sublimation
147
gas to solid conversion
deposition
148
evaporation (vape before boil)
change from liquid to gas at temp below it's boiling point
149
speed of evaporation process decreased or increased by...
atmospheric pressure
150
condensation (dew from nowhere)
the phase change in substance from gas to liquid. temp decrease, causing intermolecular cohesive forces
151
hydrologic cycle (logically warm water rises) life cycle
warm air containing water vapor rises and cools
152
rate of chemical reactions is determined by..(bumper cars)
how frequently reacting atoms and molecules interact. also temp and shape
153
catalysts
accelerate chemical reactions
154
inhibitors
decrease reaction rates
155
some types of reactions release energy in the form of...
heat or light, or transfer electrons or H ion, or chemical bonds are broken
156
reactive radicals (vamp react light)
chemical bonds are broken down by heat or light, combined w/ electrons and form new bonds
157
ex. of radical reactions (radical FOG)
ozone and greenhouse gasses fossil fuels
158
4 basic types of cells (MENC)
epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular
159
covalent bonds in macromolecules formed by an..(cove fruit) - this is known as...
(end the energy) endergonic (absorption of energy) removal or loss of water. this is known as dehydration or condensation. (this is how peptide ions are formed. Peptides are 2 or more amino acids)
160
dehydration or condensation requires...
energy
161
covalent bonds can be broken by an...(ex bond)
exergonic addition of water, known as hydrolysis
162
carbohydrates (just sugar)
sugars or starch found in all living organisms
163
monomers that join together to form carbohydrates have this formula
C(n)H2(n)O(n)
164
carbohydrate monomers are usually how many carbons long? (start w/ your fav)
3, 4, 5, 6 carbons long
165
formula for glucose
C6H12O6
166
2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration form...(just di)
disaccharides
167
sucrose (fg makes s)
a common disaccharide made up of 2 monosaccharides, one glucose and one fructose
168
polysaccharides
carbohydrate molecules formed by large numbers of linked monosaccharides.
169
animals store monosaccharide glucose in the...
polysaccharide glycogen
170
glycogen is formed by...(dried fruit) and stored in...
dehydration synthesis and stored mainly in the liver and muscle
171
when glucose is needed for energy...(use gin - how liver converts it)
JUST amino acids and break down of glycogen are caused by hydrolysis. Everything else is dehydration.
glycogen is hydrolyzed into glucose
172
plants store carbohydrates as the..(think storage - micro)
polysaccharide starch
173
different forms of carbohydrates - (3 branches)
linear, branched, helix shaped
174
linear carbohydrates ex. (line in cellulite chin)
cellulose and chitin - they form structures
175
cellulose is a major component in...where EXACTLY?
rigid cell wall in plants
176
glycoproteins and glycolipids are...(costco - see friends)
molecules that contain carbohydrates and other macromolecules, help w/ cell recognition
177
C and H bonds are called...(C and H has fat)
fatty-acid chains
178
fats are used for..(cushion - CSI)
energy storage, cushioning, and insulation
179
fats are found in..
oils, butter, and meat
180
waxes (waxy alcohol)
contain long fatty acid chains connected to alcohols. they are hydrophobic and are used by living things to stay dry
181
where are waxes found? (bird waning)
bird feathers and leaves
182
phospholipid functions (think bi-layer)
form semipermeable membrane around cells, help separate aqueous compartments.
183
steroids (steroid at circus)
have a 4-ring structure that includes cholesterol, sex hormones, hormones of adrenal cortex.
184
steroids often function as...(get the message)
chemical messengers
185
amino acids are composed of...(amine 4)
central carbon, amine group, carboxylic acid, and a side group.
186
peptide bond in proteins are the...
the link between amino acids in covalent bond
187
fibrous, hydrophobic proteins like keratin and collagen have hydrophobic___on their surface
hydrophobic amino acids on their surface and are not water soluble
188
globular proteins (glob in water)
have hydrophilic surface amino acids and are soluble in water.
189
proteins associated w/ the cell membrane have...(just bi-layer def)
a layer of hydrophobic amino acids sandwiched between layers of hydrophilic amino acids.
190
proteins are embedded in membranes when they function as..(pb in tunnel)
transport or signal transfer
191
enzymes speed up reactions by...(speed of energy)
lowering energy required by the system to initiate the reaction
192
2 types of reactions
exergonic (release energy) or endergonic (require energy)
193
enzyme activity is affected by...(envir)
environmental conditions, such as temp and ph level
194
active site (active action)
where catalysis occurs
195
ex. of an enzyme (eskimo pepsi)
pepsin
196
pepsin
produced and secreted by stomach cells to initiate protein digestion in stomach
197
3 components of nucleotides (ocean - 3 things floating - same 3 things)
nitrogenous base, a sugar, a phosphate group.
198
2 nucleic acids in living systems are..(the bige ones)
DNA and RNA
199
in humans, DNA can contain a few hundred...(baseball)
DNA bases to more than a million bases.
200
genes made of DNA are located on...
chromosomes. primary unit of heredity. most contain info to synthesize protein, a few code for other molecules that assemble protein.
201
DNA contains..(tide - same)
nucleotides composed of deoxyribose sugar, one of 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine) and a phosphate molecule
202
messenger RNA (mina- plant)
located in nucleus. transcribes genetic code from DNA template for protein.
203
rRNA - located where? (where everything is located...)
receives info from mRNA. rRNA located in cytoplasm.
204
tRNA - transfer RNA (UPS)
brings amino acid dictated by mRNA code to the ribosomes. ribosome then provides catalytic environment for peptide bond to form.
205
ribosomes are the site of...
protein synthesis from amino acid monomers.
206
the sequence of nucleotides is important in...(build pb)
the process of building proteins. errors are called mutations.
207
nucleic acids can be found in small amounts in...(eat nuc)
all foods that contain protein
208
single circular chromosome (basic living thing)
bacteria
209
how many chromosomes in a human
46
210
genes cluster in areas between DNA that..(?)
have unknown functions
211
how many genes do humans have?
25,000
212
structural genes are converted into...(structure for mina)
short-lived RNA, messenger RNA, that is decoded by ribosomes and assembled into proteins to build living things
213
regulatory genes (regulate pb jeans)
control expression of protein-coding genes by turning on or off activity, either directly or through an intermediate.
214
sides and ladder of DNA are made of...(smile sugar) dark repair
sides are phosphate and sugar molecules, ladder is adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine.
215
A is always paired with..(me and Tu)
T, and G and is always paired with C. this is called base complimentary pairs.
216
complimentary bases are linked by 2 hydrogen bonds for..(me and Tu - just 2)
A and T, and 3 hydrogen bonds for G and C.
217
chromatids (chromosome's twin)
two identical copies of DNA made before a cell can replicate. they are then separated.
218
two strands of DNA run in___directions
opposite - called anti-parallel
219
sense strand (sensing 5 to 3)
DNA coded in 5 to 3 direction
220
anti-sense strand (anti-epiq)
strand used in DNA replication and transcription
221
law of dominance (not dominant)
mendel's third law - recessive allele is only expressed when both alleles are recessive.
222
children inherit how many copies of each gene?
2 - one from each parent, and 2 alleles for each gene.
223
ex of phenotypes
eye color, blood type
224
inherited traits
traits passed from parent to offspring through gametes (eggs or sperm) each gamete carries 1 chromosome of the pair (and one copy of each gene).
225
non-mendelian inheritance occurs...(think alleles)
when there are factors other than dominant and recessive alleles. ie. multiple alleles - blood types A, B, O.
226
ex of non-mendelian inheritance (in the middle or share)
incomplete dominant-recessive that leads to an intermediate (red and white flowers makes pink), co - dominance (AB blood expresses both A and B) and interactions between genes called "epistasis".
227
if 3:1 or 9:3:3:1 relationship not obtained, then...
it's non-mendelian inheritance
228
ions (eye on pos. or neg)
atoms w/ a positive or negative charge
229
cations
positive charge, anions - negative charge
230
ionic compounds
compounds w/ ionic bonds
231
intensive physical properties (too intense heat)
boiling point, melting point - does not depend on the amount of the substance present.
232
extensive physical properties (extend mass)
mass and volume - change depending on amount of matter present
233
above absolute zero...(keep moving)
(O K or -273 C) molecules are in constant motion
234
RNA consists of...(rib tide)
ribonucleotides w/ a ribose sugar, nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil)
235
can be digested by cells (pops can be digested)
nucleosides
236
bond between 2 opposite charged ions metals tend to be...(metal cat eyes)
cations, and nonmetals anions.
237
electrons___in energy the further away from the nucleus
increase
238
nucleotides (Smile, S is before T)
simply a nucleoside with an additional phosphate group or groups
239
soluble in water and conduct electricity (watery eyes)
ionic bonds
240
globular proteins function as...(glob roll in the hay - HAE)
carrier molecules like hemoglobin, antibodies, and enzymes.
241
important properties of h20 (HAC - corner - you know this)
hydrogen bonding, cohesiveness, adhesiveness
242
important properties of h20 relating to heat (specifically lazy heat)
high specific heat, high latent heat, and high heat of vaporization
243
polypeptides
macromolecules formed from amino acids, many peptides linked together
244
they assemble proteins in the order specified by codons
ribosomes
245
typically a single-stranded molecule
RNA
