chem ch 21 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
energy neither
A
created nor destroyed
2
Q
need of energy is to do…
A
mechanical work, cells need energy for their work (which is moving molecule or ions across the cell membrane)
3
Q
in humans, energy is released from..
A
food
4
Q
plants use…
A
co2 and water + sunlight to make food = C6H12O6 (glucose) - potential energy
5
Q
we need energy to…
A
do work and maintain the body temperature
6
Q
in order for humans to use energy…
A
the energy should have some requirements
7
Q
requirements for energy (energy stored in heat should be released gradually when needed in different, the SHRGD)
A
1) energy must be released from food gradually
2) energy must be stored in accessible form, like gylcogen
3) to maintain body temp, energy must be released as heat
4) when we need different forms of energy, rather than heat, to be available to do biochemical reactions that are not favorable
5) energy should be released when and where it’s needed
8
Q
A —–B
A
endothermic releases E
and exothermic absorbs E
9
Q
delta H
A
change in enthalpy (heat) - energy of the product is lower than energy of reactant - means the change is negative for favorable reaction
10
Q
delta S
A
change in entropy - means more disorder. it should be positive for favorable reactions
11
Q
delta G (g is favorable)
A
gibbs, free energy. favorable reaction. free energy should be negative.
12
Q
the greater the amount of free energy, the greater the…
A
reaction proceeds towards forming reactant (speeds it up)
13
Q
endergonic reaction
A
reactions that need the energy input from any external sources
14
Q
exergonic reaction
A
when the reaction is releasing energy - change is negative
15
Q
photosynthesis is endergonic or exergonic?
A
endergonic
16
Q
oxidation is endergonic or exergonic?
A
exergonic
17
Q
in living systems, reactions are following this principle (just pathways)
A
in the series of chemical reactions (called pathways), energy which is stored in product of an endergonic reaction, should be released in exergonic reactions
18
Q
pathways (in the middle of the path)
A
in living systems. A series of biochemical reactions that are connected by intermediates at which the product of one reaction is the reactant of the following reaction, and so on.
19
Q
pathways always use..(everyone needs them)
A
enzymes to complete reaction
20
Q
glucose-6-phosphate
A
phosphate on the 6th carbon (on top)
21
Q
glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is endergonic or exergonic?
A
endergonic - it’s gained energy stores energy in chemical bonds
22
Q
replication of DNA takes place in…
A
nucleus
23
Q
protein synthesis is where?
A
ribosomes
24
Q
golgi - synthesis of…(golgi likes big macs)
A
synthesis of macromolecules
25
lysosome
break down unwanted molecules
26
cristae
where ATP production is happening
27
mitochondrial matrix purpose
The space surrounded by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. folding is cristae
28
mitochondria have how many layers?
2 - outer and inner.
29
ATP
adenosine triphosphate - the only important energy carrier
30
the number of mitochondria is greatest where? (maybe mitochondria there - MEHB)
eyes, brain, heart and muscles
31
metabolism
the set of chemical reactions that take place in an organism. metabolic pathways
32
types of metabolic pathways (the shape - you know this)
1) linear pathway
2) cyclic pathway
3) spiral sequence
33
linear pathway (the line from A to D)
the product of one is the reactant of next reactant. Final product through a series of intermediate molecules
enzyme #1, #2, #3
A - B - C - D
34
cyclic pathway
a series of reactions that reproduce one of the reactants (ie citric acid cycle)
A - B (A becomes B, B becomes C, C becomes D)
C - D
35
spiral sequence
the SAME set of enzymes are progressively used to break down or make a molecule. A becomes B, B becomes C, etc. in a spiral pattern
36
food can be oxidized into..(not glucose)
carbon dioxide, water, and energy (heat and different than heat)
37
energy production (aka metabolism) from food - stages (DACE for energy)
1) digestion
2) acetyl coenzyme A production
3) citric acid cycle
4) electron transfer and ATP production
38
2 types of metabolic reactions
anabolism and catabolism
39
catabolism
exergonic
40
anabolism
endergonic
41
digestion
happening in mouth, with help of saliva. can happen in stomach or small intestine. large molecule is converted to smaller - ie carbohydrates or proteins or lipids.
42
carbohydrate can be converted to..
glucose
43
protein converted to...
amino acid
44
lipids broken down to...
glycerol and fatty acids
45
stage 2: acteyl CoA production (type of bond)
bond between acetyl group and coenzyme A. bond is sulfide bond, high energy bond. 2C molecule.
46
acteyl CoA is a product of...(CoA is so general)
all different classes of food that
O
||
carries CH3-C group (acetyl group) into citric acid cycle
47
stage 3 - citric acid cycle (3 is not your enemy) AND where it takes place
happening in the matrix, which acetyl group is oxidized to CO2 and energy, that we exhale later
48
energy from citric acid is stored in...
chemical bonds of reduced enzymes (NADH) and FADH2 and some as ATP
49
stage 4) ATP production (atp is the fad)
NADH and FADH2, which takes place at the inner surface of inner membrane of mitochondria.
50
the electrons from the reduced NADH and FADH2 will join..
the electron transfer chain and ATP production
51
at the end of ATP production and electron transfer...
the electrons and H+ ions from all of those coenzymes producing ATP and O2 we inhale and H+ will form water
52
ADP
adenosine diphosphate (1 less phosphate than ATP)
53
hydrolysis of ATP - just think of the rocket
one phosphate is removed and that releases energy
54
reverse reaction - ADP
ADP converted to ATP
55
ADP more or less energy than ATP?
less
56
adding phosphate in any reaction is called...
phosphorylation
57
ADP to ATP is endergonic or exergonic?
endergonic and we need one phosphate
58
downhill reaction
exergonic reaction - when energy of reactant is higher than energy of product
59
uphill reaction
endergonic - energy of reactant is higher than product
60
unfavorable reaction
needs energy
61
favorable
produces energy
62
coupling reaction
curved arrow
63
know positive and negative signs
positive sign is when reaction is using energy for endergonic reaction
64
oxidation
gaining of O2 loss of e-, loss of H
65
reduction reaction (3 things)
gain of electron, gain of H, loss of O
66
most metabolic reactions are this (reduce the reaction)
reduction/oxidation reaction. so we need oxidizing or reducing agents
67
coenzymes that are acting as reducing or oxidizing agents - important coenzymes (just add fem phos)
1) NAD+ (oxidized form), NADH+/H+ (reduced form)
2) flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD and FADH2
3) NADP+ and NADPH/H+
4) FMN and FMNH2
68
NAD+ ------ NADH needs...
H-, so it's NAD+ + H- -----NADH/H+
69
FAD and FADH2 - reduced and oxidized - which is which?
FAD - oxidized, FADH2 - reduced
70
NADP+ and NADPH/H+
NADP+ (oxidized) and NADPH/H+ (reduced) = nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
71
reduced form of all of the coenzymes are transferring...(2 things!)
electrons and H+ into stage #4
72
citric acid cycle final product (finally 2,4, 1)
2 CO2, 4 molecules of reduced co-enzymes, 1 ATP (GTP)
73
citric acid cycle takes place where?
matrix
74
1st production of CO2 in which step of krebs cycle?
step 3
75
gibbs formula (g - hats)
G = H - T(S). Remember one H and one S has to be negative and positive
76
opposite of photosynthesis
oxidation. Photo uses energy, oxi releases it
77
food is broken down into...(NOT glucose)
CO2 + H2O + energy. The energy can be 2 types - heat or different than heat like a chemical bond
78
pyruvate
final product of all classes of food
79
which pathway is directly converted into AcetylCoA?
lipids
80
citric cycle - step 1
C2 (this is acetyl coA) + C4 (this is oxaloacetate) = C6 (citrate) + (biproduct) HsCoA + H+
81
citric cycle - step 2 (2 steps in 2 - dehydrate and rehydrate)
citrate (3 alcohol) is dehydrated to A conitate, and then rehydrated to form to secondary alcohol (isocitrate)
82
step 2 is exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic - +3.2 kcal
83
citric cycle - step 3
C6 + NAD+ = C5 + CO2
84
step #4 (
C5 ---- C4 + CO2. Product is succinyl CoA
85
entire point of citric acid cycle is to produce...
reduced form of coenzymes
86
1st reduced coezyme in which step?
2
87
step 1 - exergonic or endergonic? (exit at the 1st and 4th floor)
exergonic
88
step 4 - exergonic or endergonic? (exit on the 1st and 4th floor)
exergonic.
89
step 5
rebuilding oxaloacetate - covert succinyl CoA + GTP (from GDP). C4 - C4 and GDP - GTP
90
GDP and GTP are just...
ADP and ATP
91
step #6
oxidation of succinate and production of fumarate. Needs to be coupled w/ FAD - FADH2
92
step #7
we hydrate fumerate, + H2O. C4 + C4 becomes alcohol.
93
step #7 is endergonic or exergonic? (End at the 2nd and 7th step)
endergonic
94
step #8 (ox at 8)
reformation of oxaloacetate. Oxidation of marate is occuring. Reduction of NAD+
95
memorize this - net result of citric acid cycle
Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ FAD + GDP + HPO4(-2) + H2O --- (product) CoA + 2CO2 + GTP + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + GTP
96
1 NADH produces how much ATP? (nada, it's 3)
3
97
1 FADH2 produces how much ATP? (2 fad)
2
98
1 GTP produces how much ATP?
1 ATP
99
how much ATP is produced in each citric acid cycle?
12 ATP
100
GDP has 2...
phosphate groups in the end of glucose, and GTP is made by adding one phosphate group - this is endergonic
101
the rate of the citric acid cycle can be controlled by...(ACE the rate)
```
the body's cellular need for:
1) when we need ATP
2) need for reduced coenzyme
3) energy (heat)
citric acid cycle stops when we don't need these...
```
102
which step is catabolism?
electron transfer chain
103
main function of electron transport chain - (remove the ox)
oxidation of reduced coenzyme to provide enough energy for ATP production
104
respiratory reaction in ETS (just add it up, 2 4 4 2)
O2 + 4e- + 4H+ --- 2 H2O
105
electron transport takes place where?
inner membrane
106
what coenzyme is moving along the ETS?
coenzyme Q. it takes electrons along the chain
107
oxidatative phosphorylation - also called electron transport chain - 2 stages
oxidation of reduced coenzymes and phosphorylation of ADP
108
how many coenzymes in ETS are fixed?
4, 1 is moving
109
H+ in ETS are moving from where to where?
inner mitochondarian membrane to inner space (happens against H ion concentration gradient)
110
in ETS chain, how much ATP is produced?
111
citric acid cycle - my version
step 1 - becomes 5 carbon w/ OH in the middle left
step 2 - the OH moves down one carbon
step 3 - NAD is added, COO from middle is removed and second to last C is now =O
step 4 - NAD added again, and last C (the COO-) is turned back into S-CoA
step 5 - GDP is turned into GTP, SCoA is removed and it's back to the original 4 carbon
step 6 - FAD is added, the middle Cs lose an H and it becomes a double bond.
step 7 - H2O is added, double bond becomes single and OH is added to 2nd C.
step 8 - NAD is added, OH is gone and it becomes = O.
112
quick citric acid cycle - step 1
you know the starting - plus water. and becomes 5 and Oh you're in the middle
113
quick citric acid cycle 4
4) hello NAD - hello CoA
5) hello GTP, bye CoA
6) hello FAD, the middle is now double
114
quick citric acid cycle - 7 (7 pianos in water)
hello water, back to the original 4 except w/ OH
115
quick citric acid cycle 2 (TV dehydrated - OH you're now second to last)
First remove water, then add water. OH, you're second to last
116
quick citric acid cycle 3 (cig in hall)
hello NAD - bye COO in the middle, OH becomes double
117
quick citric acid cycle 4 (cig plant)
Hello NAD and SCoA, SCoA is back in last place
118
quick citric acid cycle 5 (couch racer)
Hello GDP. back to the original 4 w/out the O=.
119
quick citric acid cycle 6 (cat tree - hello fad, make an X)
hello FAD, the middle is now double and welcome FADH2
120
quick citric acid cycle 7 (piano)
hello H20, bye double, OH is 2nd now
121
quick citric acid cycle 8 (back to the start, but with NAD) hallway
hello NAD, OH, you've become double. Welcome NADH
122
hydroylsis is exergonic or endergonic? (hydro releases water)
exergonic
123
phosphorylation is exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic
124
photosynthesis formula..
it's just CO2 + H20 = C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose and oxygen)
125
oxidation formula...(just oxidate sugar and you get CO2 and water)
is just the opposite of photosynthesis - C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + 6H2O (glucose and oxygen = carbon dioxide and water)
126
Energy is stored in the products of....
an endergonic reaction pathway
127
purpose of nucleus
replication of DNA
128
purpose of mitochondria
synthesis of ATP
129
structure of ATP
has the 3 phosphate groups on left, but 4 Os connecting them. On the right is adenosine - 5 carbon sugar with 2 nitrogen hexagons at the top
130
ATP plus water (hydrolysis) is...
ADP
131
ADP plus hydrogen is...
ATP
132
AMP is
adenosine monophophate - same structure as ATP just one phosphate group AND it has OH on the left, not an O
133
removal of phosphate through hydrolysis (formation of ADP) is..(rocket shooting off phosphate releases energy)
exergonic
134
adding a phosphate to ADP (phosphorylation) is exergonic or endergonic? (takes energy to glue something on)
endergonic
135
Coupling allows the energy...
stored in one chemical compound to be transferred to other compounds
136
structure of acetyl coenzyme A is...
O
||
CH3 - C - S - CoA
137
final net products of citric acid cycle (the threes, one 2, and the rest 1s)
3 NADH+, 3H+, 1FADH2, 1 GTP, 1 HScoA, 2 CO2,
138
only spontaneous reactions..
release energy. nonspontaneous are endergonic
139
pyruvate is coupled with..
ADP and ATP production because ADP to ATP is unfavorable - pyruvate is favorable
140
Oxidative phosphorylation is...
the synthesis of ATP from ADP using energy released in the electron-transport chain
