Moment Flashcards
1
Q
triangle volume
A
1/2 x b x h x L (write M3 (cubed)
2
Q
volume of a cube (basic volume)
A
b x h x L
3
Q
volume sphere (4/3 ppl think volume of sphere is too loud)
A
4/3 x pi x r3 (cubed)
4
Q
volume cone (icecream cone - pi, r, ladder)
A
V= pi x r2 x h/3
5
Q
coordinate plane ex. -4, -2
A
-4 = x, -2= y
6
Q
conversions
A
smaller to larger - divide; larger to smaller - multiply
7
Q
cell grouping order
A
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms
8
Q
ribosomes synthesize___from___?
A
synthesize protein from amino acids
9
Q
golgi complex does what? (mailman)
A
synthesizes/process material such as proteins that are transported out of cell. it has layers of membranes
10
Q
vacoules
A
storage, digestion, waste removal
11
Q
vesicle is a___that moves___
A
small organelle that moves material in a cell
12
Q
cytoskeleton - and made of what? (skeleton tubes)
A
consists of microtubules that shape and support cell, whole movements of cell
13
Q
microtubules (made of and what they do)
A
made of protein, support cell
14
Q
cytosol
A
liquid material in cytoplasm
15
Q
cytoplasm - NOT
A
the cytosol and organelles. NOT in nucleus.
16
Q
endoplasmic reticulum - what does it do? (think carrier)
A
smooth and rough. the transport system of the cell.
17
Q
smooth ER
A
no ribosomes
18
Q
rough ER
A
has ribosomes
19
Q
mitochondria makes…
A
ATP, cell growth and death. they have their own DNA.
20
Q
functions of mitochondria (mite - marathon)
A
cell energy, cell signaling, cell differentiation, cell cycle and growth regulation. Energy is the main function.
21
Q
inner membrane of mitochondria encloses the…
A
matrix, contains mitochondria DNA and ribosomes
22
Q
mitochondria folds are called..
A
cristae. chemical reactions occur here and release energy.
23
Q
aerobic respiration occurs in the…(gym)
A
mitochondria.
24
Q
centrosome (cents makes a trio)..involved in____
MCC
A
a pair of centrioles. involved in mitosis and cell cycle.
25
centrioles - micro trio TRIO = 3
cylinders near nucleus involved in cell division. has 3 microtubules. centrioles occur in pairs.
26
lysosomes digest
protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and transport for removal.
27
cilia
causes cell to move
28
flagella
tail to help cell move
29
nucleus
contains chromosomes and regulates DNA.
30
all eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus
31
nucleus contains envelope....
nuceloplasm, nucleoulus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes.
32
chromosomes
thread-like rods of DNA
33
chromatin (chrome car)
consists of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes
34
nucleoulus (downs bubble)
small sphere in nucleus (during interphase). made of protein, inside the nucleus. no membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, synthesizes and stores RNA.
35
nuclear pores involved in exchange between..(only thing it can exchange)
involved in exchange of material between nucleus and cytoplasm
36
nucleoplasm
liquid within nucleus, similar to cytoplasm.
37
glycolipids in membrane help...(fat)
cells to recognize other cells
38
proteins in membrane help..
to give shape
39
cholesterol in membrane helps...(stiff crisco)
give stiffness and flexibility
40
oxygen and water can..
easily pass through membrane
41
2 ways cells can reproduce
mitosis and meiosis
42
mitosis - daughter cell is...
exact replica of parent cell
43
meiosis - daughter cell has...(mei parents)
different genetic coding than parent cell
44
meiosis only happens where?
specialized cells called gametes
45
zygote
a group of cells that control the process of less specialized cells becoming more specialized
46
gastrulation (start)
early phase of embryonic development in most animals
47
3 cell layers in gastrulation
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
48
develops from ectoderm
nervous system
49
develops from mesoderm
muscular system
50
develops from endoderm
digestive system
51
events of mitosis in order (pmat)
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.
52
interphase (nathaniel - guess)
the cell grows, replicates its DNA and prepares for mitosis. can be divided into g1, S and g2.
53
prophase (TDTS M - willow)
thicken, disintegrates, trio, spin, move.
chromatin thickens into chromosomes and nuclear membrane disintegrates, pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides and spindle fibers form. mitotic spindle moves chromosomes around the cell.
54
metaphase (spin in the middle of the met w/ chrome)
spindles moves towards center and chromosome pairs align along center of spindle
55
anaphase (ana - no....)
chromsome "sisters" pull apart, and after they separate are called daughter chromosomes.
56
telophase (chrome tel)
spindles disintegrate, chromosomes revert to chromatin. in animals, membrane is pinched.
57
cytokinesis
physical splitting of cell.
58
meiosis - same phases as....
mitosis, but they occur twice.
59
result of meiosis (4 meis)
4 daughter cells called haploid.
60
layers in heart - inside to outside - (end my heart ache)
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
61
medial
near midline of body.
62
lateral
opposite of medial. further away from body's midline. thumb is lateral to the little finger (palms up)
63
proximal
close to center. hip is proximal to knee
64
distal
further from center of body. knee is distal to hip
65
anterior
front
66
posterior
behind
67
cephalad
head
68
caudad (horse)
tail or posterior. hindquarters.
69
superior
above, close to head
70
inferior
below, close to feet
71
transverse
divides body in upper and lower halves
72
sagittal plane (sag - two faced)
right and left sections
73
coronal (frontal plane) (home in cdm)
vertically front and back
74
lower respiratory - what organs (BLT for lungs)
trachea, lungs, bronchial tree
75
right lung
3 lobes - superior, middle, and inferior
76
left lung
2 lobes (leaves room for heart) - superior and inferior
77
diaphragm separates...(thor)
thoracic and abdominal cavity
78
exchange of gas occurs in...
alveoli
79
speech
air moves through larynx (voice box) and vibrates to make sound, then enters trachea (windpipe).
80
chemoreceptors in nose
smell
81
maintains acid-base homeostatis
respiratory system
82
hyperventilation can increase..(secret)
blood ph during acidosis.
83
slowing breathing can..(in regards to ph)
alkalosis (high ph) helps lower blood ph
84
which muscles expand/contract lungs during breathing?
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
85
during inspiration...
diaphragm contracts and moves down, increasing size of chest cavity.
86
during expiration, what relaxes?
diaphragm and intercostal relax, decreasing chest cavity and forcing air out of lungs.
87
breathing controlled by...(which part of the brain)
medulla oblongata. it monitors the level of co2 in blood and signals breathing rate to increase when co2 is too high
88
3 parts of circulatory (is cardiovascular) system (obvious)
blood, blood vessels and heart
89
closed circulatory system
most animals have - heart and blood vessels are continuously connected.
90
3 layers of wall of blood vessels (vessel has tunes on inner, middle and outer)
innermost tunica intima, tunica media, and outer tunica adventitita
91
arterioles
tiny vessels that lead to capillary beds
92
venules (exit where...)
tiny vessels that exit capillary beds
93
veins - what type of tunica (vein - thin in middle and intimate)
thin tunica media and tunica intima
94
adult human has how much blood?
5 qts of blood
95
blood is composed of (blood is warped - WRPP)
red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
96
platelets make up how much blood volume?
over half of blood volume
97
plasma contains (plasma - PIGHAANG)
proteins, ions, glucose, amino acids, hormones, nutrients, antibodies, and dissolved gases.
98
rbcs transport ___to cells
oxygen
99
can live up to 4 months
rbcs
100
wbc - function
defend against infection and remove waste
101
types of wbc (MELBN - melbourne)
lymphocytes, neutrophils, moncytes, eosinophils, and basophils
102
platelets - what are they made of and what do they do?
fragments of stem cells and help in clotting
103
how many chambers in heart?
4
104
atrial contraction fills___
fills ventricles and ventricular contraction empties them. this is the cardiac cycle
105
cardiac cycle is..(just 2)
diastole and systole
106
1st diastole phase (starts w/ right)
blood flows through superior and inferior venae cavae. blood flows passively through av (tricuspid) to right ventricle. SA node generates electrical signals carried to purkinje, stimulating it to contract and fill right ventricle with blood. SA transmitted to AV and right ventricle contracts starting 1st systole phase.
107
1st systole phase (1st to the left)
tricuspid closes, and pulmonary semilunar valve opens. blood is pumped into pulmonary arteries to lungs. blood returning from lungs fills left atrium as part of 2nd diastole phase.
108
2nd diastole phase (SA - couch)
SA triggers mitral valve to open, blood fills left ventricle
109
2nd systole phase
mitral valve closes and aortic semilunar valve opens. left ventricle contracts and blood is pumped out of aorta to rest of body.
110
circulatory system is...(CPS circulates)
coronary, pulmonary and systemic circulation
111
coronary circulation - enters through___with____blood (think opposite)
enters arteries, enters heart with oxygenated blood.
112
pulmonary circulation
blood between heart and lungs. deoxy blood goes from ra to lungs through pulmonary artery. oxygenated blood goes back through left atrium through pulmonary veins.
113
systemic circulation
blood to the entire body except coronary and pulmonary circulation.
114
portal circulation is...(portal to stomach)
systemic circulation, which is blood from digestive to liver and then heart
115
renal circulation is..
blood between heart and kidneys
116
arterial blood pressure - transports oxygen___blood to ____and oxygen___blood to____
transporting oxygen-poor blood to lungs and oxygen-rich to body tissues.
117
arterioles are where...(small adjustment)
adjustments are made in blood delivery to specific areas
118
capillary beds are..(AND between what?)
the diffusion sites for exchanges btwn blood and interstitial fluid. just one single layer of endothelial cells
119
capillaries merge into...
venules, venules into veins.
120
lymphatic system
lymph capillaries, vessels and ducts
121
major function of lymphatic (transport transport)
return excess fluid to blood, return protein from capillaries, transport fat from digestive tract, disposal of debris and cellular waste
122
lymphoid organs are...(SSAALTT)
lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, adenoids, thymus, tonsils, and patches in small intestine.
123
each lymph node contains..(yellow nym)
lymphocytes and plasma cells.
124
spleen filters...(just 2, you know this)
blood stores of rbcs and macrophages
125
thymus...(nym) secretes what?
secretes hormones and is the major site of lymphocyte production
126
spleen - location and make of what?
upper left of abdomen, made of lymphoid tissue
127
peritoneal ligaments that support spleen (perry - GLP)
gastrolienal, lienorenal, and phrenicocolic ligaments
128
gastrolienal ligament (lane gastro - same)
connects stomach to spleen
129
lienorenal ligament (sister kids spleen kleen)
connects kidney to spleen
130
phrenicocolic ligament (phrantic left)
connects left colic flexure to thoracic diaphram
131
functions of spleen
to filter unwanted material from blood (and old RBCs) to help fight infection.
132
protein digestion begins in the...(protein first)
stomach
133
absorption begins in the...
small intestine
134
largest solid organ and largest gland
liver
135
ligaments that attach liver (FRRLC in the liver)
falciform, coronary, right triangular, left triangular, and round ligaments
136
liver processes all of the___that passes through the digestive system
blood that passes through digestive system.
137
nutrient rich blood is supplied to liver by...(liver is nutricious for veins)
hepatic portal vein
138
oxygen rich blood is supplied to liver by...
hepatic artery
139
blood leaves the liver through...
hepatic vein
140
liver's functional units called
lobules
141
blood flows through liver through small channels called...
sinusoids
142
functions of the liver (C-BPG killing my liverI
produce bile, blood plasma proteins, cholesterol, stores excess glucose in the form of glycogen,
143
regulates amino acids
liver (because glucagon activates amino acid transporters)
144
processes hemoglobin (heman eats liver)
liver
145
converts ammonia to urea (does it all)
liver
146
purifies blood
liver
147
regulates blood clotting (not platelets)
liver (hepatocytes help w/ clotting)
148
controls infection by boosting immune factors
liver (by cleaning your blood)
149
4 less than a quotient of a number and two is at least 5
n/2 - 4 >_ (greater than or equal to) 5
150
D2P (decimal to a percent)
decimal to percent - move decimal 2 places to right. Percent to decimal, move decimal 2 places to left
151
area =
LxW
152
Circumference = (just 2)
pi x diameter
153
area of a circle = (area is the OG)
pi x R2 (radius squared)
154
radius is half of the..
diameter
155
1 mile in feet
5,280 feet
156
flip < or > if you divide or multiply by a negative. ex.
| -2x + 5 > 19 =
x < -7
157
on a graph, closed dot (solid dot) means..
greater than OR equal to, or less than OR equal to.
158
if asked to write an inequality, should look like
> or < (can also be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to)
159
on a graph, line going down from left to right is
negative linear relationship
160
on a graph, line going up from left to right is..
positive linear relationship
161
1 sq. ft is___inches
144 inches. Square foot is L x W
162
circumference of a circle is (go around twice)
2 x pi x r
163
cytoplasm is the...
entire content within the cell membrane
164
1 meter = ___centimeters
100
165
how many ounces in a pound?
16
166
rounding FRACTIONS to the ones place
if numerator is greater than or equal to half the denominator, round up to next whole number. if numerator is less than half the denom, round down to next whole number.
167
systemic circulation - blood exits through...(shoot up opposite)
left ventricle through aorta, branches into carotid, subclavian, iliac, renal artery.
168
systemic circulation - blood returns through..(shoot up stomach and kidneys)
jugular, subclavian, iliac and renal and empties into superior and inferior vena cavae.
169
coronary circulation returns where...(corona corner)
deoxy blood returns to ra through cardiac veins, which empty into coronary sinus.
170
coronary circulation is..
blood to heart
171
level of organization - (from TEAS) (CCTOO)
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
172
chloroplasts
use photsynthesis to produce ATP and other sugars
173
palmar surface of hand
palm
174
dorsum of hand
back of hand
175
bronchioles terminate in..
alveoli
176
alveoli are the exchange site for what?
gases
177
aqueous surfactant
layer covers alveoli and serves as medium for gas exchange and keeps lungs from collapsing by maintaining surface tension
178
each segment of the lungs receives air from..
its own bronchus and blood from its own artery
179
tidal volume
the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs
180
residual capacity
small amount of air rich in CO2 trapped in alveoli after expiration
181
asthma
airways narrow, a result of swelling of the airways and mucus buildup
182
functions of the cardiovascular system (WINC to cardio)
transport nutrients, wastes, chemicals messengers and immune molecules
183
2 parts to closed circulatory system
pulmonary and systemic
184
pulmonary loop carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to...
lungs
185
systemic loop
carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the body
186
lub sound (ava)
AV valves close
187
dub sound (moon)
semilunar valves, aorta and pulmonary arteries close, preventing blood from falling back into ventricles
188
RBCs contain (tu) and transport...
hemoglobin and transport oxygen from lungs to rest of body
189
2 main types of WBCs (just l's)
leukocytes and lymphocytes
190
lymph is made of...(lymph in plaza)
plasma w/out the RBCs
191
myocardium tissue (my muscle)
muscle tissue
192
epicardium tissue (epi connects pen to patient)
connective in the blood and epicardium
193
endocardium tissue (it's epi in the end)
epithelial in tissue membrane and endocardium
194
dependent variable goes on ___axis (dependent goes second)
y axis
195
most important function of ribsomes
synthesize protein
196
what absorbs nutrients in the small intestines?
microvilli
197
estrogen does what?
matures egg
198
what layer are hair follicles found?
dermis
199
what waste do kidneys remove?
nitrogen
200
what prevents pathogens from entering the body?
mucus
201
what breaks down bone material?
osteoclasts
