Moment 3 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
neuroendocrine control center
A
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
2
Q
steroid hormones trigger..(steroid jeans)
A
gene activation and protein synthesis in target cells
3
Q
protein hormones change activity of…
A
existing enzymes in target cells
4
Q
adrenal cortex - functions (rocky lips)
A
monitors blood sugar levels, helps lipid and protein metabolism
5
Q
adrenal medulla (medus heart- bed - fight or flight)
A
controls cardiac function, raises blood sugar and controls size of blood vessels
it releases cortisol - which makes cells resistant to insulin. that’s how it raises it.
6
Q
thyroid gland - helps regulate…
A
helps regulate metabolism and growth and development
7
Q
parathyroid regulates what?
A
regulates calcium in blood
8
Q
pancreas islets (island - sugar cane)
A
raises and lowers blood sugar. active in carbohydrate metabolism
9
Q
thymus gland - function (just one thing)
A
immune responses
10
Q
pineal gland (stove - clock)
A
daily biorhythms and sexual activity
11
Q
pituitary gland - function
A
role in growth and development
12
Q
hypothalamus - link between…
A
nervous system and endocrine.
13
Q
hypothalamus communicates w/ pituitary by…
A
secreting releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH).
14
Q
GnRH - gonadotropin RH (always at the front) - what hormones?
A
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
15
Q
GHRH - growth hormone (always at the front)
A
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release GH
16
Q
GHIH - growth hormone IH (gigi)
A
made in hypothalamus - (somatostatin) inhibits release of GH from anterior pituitary
17
Q
TRH - thyrotropin RH
A
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release thyroptropin (TSH)
18
Q
PRH - prolactin RH
A
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release prolactin
19
Q
PIH - prolactin IH
A
made in hypothalamus - (dopamine) inhibits release of prolactin from anterior pituitary
20
Q
CRH - corticotropin RH
A
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH
21
Q
oxytocin
A
made in hypothalamus - targets uterus - contractions and milk stimulation
22
Q
ADH - antidiuretic hormone - function and targets what? (hypo has adhd)
A
made in hypothalamus - released from posterior pituitary. targets kidneys and blood vessels - increases water retention
23
Q
pituitary - what and where?
A
master gland. in the sella turcica in sphenoid.
24
Q
TSH - made in…(tsh and pitt)
A
made in anterior pituitary - stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
25
ACTH - adrenocortoctropic hormone - (sneeze gems)
made in anterior pituitary. stimulates adrenal cortex - release of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
26
GH - growth hormone - MADE WHERE, what grows? (pitt grows)
made in anterior pituitary - muscle and bone growth
27
FSH (pit likes fish)
made in anterior pituitary - gonads - sperm and ovarian follicles
28
LH - made where?
made in anterior pituitary - gonads - ovulation in females
29
PRL - prolactin (not RH or IH) - just prolactin
made in anterior pituitary - mammary glands, milk
30
Oxytocin - what and produced where? (where it starts, and where it goes)
produced in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary. targets uterus, contractions, mammary glands - milk
31
ADH - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) - produced where and released from where? Targets what? (hypo has adhd)
produced in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary. targets kidneys and blood vessels, increases water retention.
32
pineal gland - hormone
hormone - melatonin. targets brain - waking and sleeping
33
thyroid gland - what hormones and what do they target? (toned bc no milk)
hormones - T3, T4, calcitonin. T3 and T4 - targets most cells. calcitonin - targets bones and kidneys, lowers blood calcium
34
parathyroid - what hormone and targets what? (parrot crushing)
hormone - PTH, targets bones and kidneys, raises blood calcium
35
thymus - what hormone and targets what? - Stimulates production of what?
hormone - thymosin - targets lymphatic tissues, stimulates production of T cells
36
insulin - where and targets what? (insulin - muy MAL)
pancreas hormones (abdomen) - targets liver, muscle, adipose, decreases blood glucose
37
glucagon - where and targets what?
pancreas hormones (abdomen) - targets the liver, increases blood glucose
38
GHIH - (gigi)
(somatostatin). made in pancreas and hypothalamus, gi tract - inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
39
adrenal medulla - which hormones, and targets what?
epinephrine and norepinephrine. targets heart, blood vessels, liver, and lungs. increases heart rate, blood sugar (fight or flight)
40
adrenal cortex - hormones
mineralcorticoids, glucocoricoids, androgens
41
mineralcorticoids - targets what and does what?
THIS IS (aldosterone) - target the kidneys, increase retention of Na+ and excretion of K+.
More salt - more fluid, raises bp
42
glucocorticoids
targets most tissue, released in response to long-term stressor, increase blood glucose.
cortisol is a glucocorticoid
43
androgens (andro)
targets most tissue, stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
44
GI tract hormones (3 gi)
gastrin, secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin)
45
gastrin (gastric acid) - stimulates the release of what and produced where?
produced by G cells in stomach. targets stomach, stimulates release of HCl
46
secretin (maggie cooking) targets what?
released by duodenum. targets pancreas and liver. stimulates release of digestive enzymes and bile
47
CCK - cholecystokinin
released by duodenum - targets pancreas and liver, stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and bile
48
kidneys - hormones
erythropoietin and calcitriol.
erythro - bone marrow, stimulates production of new RBCs,
calcitriol - form of vitamin D3. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium from the stomach
49
heart hormones - what do they do?
ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide - targets kidneys and adrenal cortex. reduces reabsorption of Na+, lowers blood pressure
50
adipose tissue hormones - and what do they do?
leptin - targets brain, suppresses appetite.
51
hormones produced in the ovaries - (ovary pie)
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin.
52
estrogen - targets what? (estrogen BOUM)
targets uterus, ovaries, mammary, brain. secondary sex characteristics
53
progesterone (pro preg)
targets uterus and mammary glands. uterine lining, maintenance of pregnancy.
54
inhibin - where is it from, and what does it target? (inhibit fish)
produced in testes, ovaries, and placenta. targets anterior pituitary. inhibits release of FSH
55
placenta hormones (placenta HIPE - 3 + 1) AND what does the last one do?
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hCG targets ovaries - stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone
56
hormones produced by testes
testosterone and inhibin - testosterone targets testes and other tissue, promotes sperm, secondary sex characteristics
57
urinary system (3)
kidneys, urinary ducts and bladder
58
3 layers of kidneys
renal cortex (outer), renal medulla and renal pelvis
59
renal cortex (mattias w/ glum and hat)
outer layer of kidneys where blood vessels are located - composed of one million nephrons which have clusters of capillaries called glomerulus, surrounded by bowman's capsule, leads to tubule
60
renal arteries (from a to a to a - then glum)
branch off the aorta, blood flows from arteries to arterioles in glomerulus, then filtered.
61
glomerular filtrate (glom WIG)
enters proximal convoluted tubule where water, ions, glucose and other molecules reabsorb into bloodstream
62
distal convoluted tubule (distal denver and ph)
removes urea and drugs. ph can also be adjusted here by secretion of hydrogen ions
63
unabsorbed material leaves...
collecting tubules in renal medulla and goes to renal pelvis as urine.
64
immune system (RLL w/ immune system)
lymphatic system, red bone marrow, leukocytes (wbc).
65
lymph is moved by.....to what?
one way by skeletal muscle to ducts, then to nodes
66
lymphatic tissue (TTAPS - kristian patch)
tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen and peyers patches.
67
thymus - maturation chamber for....
immature T cells
68
spleen
cleans blood of dead cells and pathogens
69
peyer's patches
small intestines, protect digestive system
70
plasma proteins act as...
compliment system to repel bacteria
71
macrophages (T and Mac)
phagocytes that alert T cells of foreign substances
72
T lymphocytes (T cells) do what?
directly attack cells infected by pathogens
73
B lymphocytes (bee a target)
target specific bacteria for destruction
74
antibody-mediated when response it to an...
antigen
75
cell-mediated when response is to...
already infected cell
76
leukocytes (wbc) - produced in...
red bone marrow
77
types of WBC (g-BEN, BNT)
granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils eosinophils), t lymphoctyes, b lymphocytes, natural killer cells
78
macrophages
large, traveling or fixed, engulf and destroy. present antigens on its surface
79
dendritic cells (hello T-gel)
present antigens to t cells
80
neutrophils
short living phagocytes respond quickly
81
basophils (bass joins mast!)
alert body of invasion, release histamine
82
eosinophils (esop - defender)
large long living phagocytes that defend against multicellular invaders
83
t lymphocytes - types (T - help suppress my killer memory) think T
helper t cells, killer T, suppressor T, and memory T cells
84
helper T cells (help Mac) - and produce what???
help body fight infection by producing antibodies. joins macrophage and activates T and B cells.
85
killer T - destroy cells infected with..
virus or tumor
86
suppressor T
suppress other T cells when battle is over
87
B lymphocytes produce...
antibodies
88
innate immune system
birth, protects from pathogens. considered non-specific.
89
adaptive immunity
acquired. specific. when person encounters infection or immunization.
90
naturally acquired active immunity
person is exposed and builds immunity without immunization
91
artificially acquired immunity
vaccine
92
naturally acquired passive immunity
during pregnancy or antibodies from breast milk
93
artificially acquired passive immunity
immunization
94
axial skeleton (SSHVR my axial) AXIAL - along the axis
vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, skull, hyoid bone
95
vertebral column (crunchy breakfast)
cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral
96
rib cage (how many, etc)
12 pairs, 10 pair of true ribs, 2 pairs of floating, and sternum
97
sternum parts (MCX stern)
manubrium, corpus sterni and xiphoid process
98
ossicles - where specifically?
bones in middle ear
99
appendicular skeleton (app backwards - PPA)
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and appendages
100
pectoral girdle (think pecs - just 2)
scapulae (shoulders), clavicles (collarbone)
101
pelvic girdle - attached to...
pelvic (hip) bones - attached to sacrum
102
upper appendages (bones) CHRUMP arm
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
103
lower appendages (FFTTMPP)
femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
104
synarthrosis (syn in the skull - fc)
fibrous or cartilage, immovable, skull sutures, teeth
105
amphiarthrosis (fc amphib)
fibrous or cartilage, slightly moveable, invertebrae discs
106
diarthrosis (SKW the die)
always synovial, free movement, wrist, knee, shoulder
107
fibrous (CGSS) (couch fibers from cigs)
connective tissue, suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
108
suture (suture skull)
immovable, skull
109
gomphosis (gum)
immovable, teeth, mandible
110
syndesmosis joint (syndy - uptight)
slightly moveable, distal tibiofibular joint
111
cartilginous (cart your sis to the sink (CSS)
cartilage, synchondrosis, symphysis
112
synchondrosis (high sink)
hyaline, nearly immovable, first rib, sternum
113
symphysis (fc pubic symphysis)
fibrocartilage, slightly moveable, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
114
synovial (PHGS CB - candy)
most common, pivot, hinge, saddle, gliding, condyloid, ball and socket
115
pivot (atlas pivoting)
allows rotation, between c1 and c2
116
hinge (everything hinges on knee)
movement in one plane, knee
117
saddle (a/2 saddle)
pivoting in 2 planes and axial rotation, first metacarpal, trapezium
118
gliding (graceful hands)
allows sliding, carpals
119
condyloid joint (candy 2/no A)
allows pivoting in 2 planes but no axial, radiocarpal joint
120
ball and socket
highest range of motion, hip
121
joints - types (joint at HE BPGS)
hinge, ball and socket, pivot, ellipsoid, gliding and saddle joints
122
each muscle is attached to...
2 bones, the origin and the insertion
123
origin (don't move original)
remains immobile
124
insertion - the one that...
bone that moves as the muscle moves
125
red marrow manufactures... (both)
red and white blood cells
126
yellow bone marrow stores...
stores fat
127
types of bones (FILS)
long, short, flat or irregular
128
bones are made of..(bones connect)
connective tissue with a base of pulp containing collagen and living cells
129
2 types of connective bone tissue (2 main types)
compact bone and spongy bone
130
compact bone (compact) - consists of....
(cortical) tightly packed cells, strong and dense.
131
haversian canals run which direction?
run vertically through compact bone
132
lamellae (lamell hair)
concentric circles that surround haversian canals
133
lacunae (cune - spaces)
space between lamellae
134
haversian system (have some milk)
lamellae and canals (+ arteries, lymph, etc). provides reservoir for ca and phosphorus.
135
spongy (cancellous) bone (red trabec w/ girdle)
consists of trabeculae, network of girders with open space filled w/ red bone marrow
136
diaphysis (just part of the bone - you know this)
in long bone. consists of compact bone surrounding marrow cavity and spongy bone containing red marrow in the epipyses.
137
undigested food is stored in the...
rectum
138
major glands in the endocrine system (too many glands at PPPTTA)
pineal, pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus and adrenal
139
organs that contain endocrine tissue and produce hormones are the...(end - pancakes and eggs)
pancreas and the ovaries or testes
140
part of the brain involved in the endocrine system
the hypothalamus (which controls the pituitary gland)
141
all body systems are regulated by the...
endocrine system in some way
142
what organ releases insulin?
pancreas - which signals cells to uptake sugar
143
without insulin...
sugar will not enter cells, resulting in high blood sugar.
144
when pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, what is the result?
type I diabetes
145
type I diabetes (auto-immune)
the body's own immune cells mistakenly destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
146
what is released from the pancreas when blood sugar levels drop?
glucagon
147
glucose raises.. (sugar high)
raises blood sugar levels, and can be used by cells for their energy.
148
pineal gland releases which hormone?
melatonin
149
lipid-based hormones can enter a...(genetic)
cell and regulate DNA.
150
long-lasting hormones (2 main)
estrogen and progestogen
151
short lived hormones
polar, water-soluble hormones like epinephrine
152
epinephrine is released in response to...
stress
153
what happens when adrenal glands secrete epinephrine into the bloodstream?
heart rate, blood pressure, muscle strength and metabolism increase - fight or flight
154
hormone imbalance can cause what diseases? (DHG)
diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and gigantism
155
hyperthyroidism - what happens?
thyroid releases too much thyroxine
156
activation of the neuroendocrine system (same 2 systems that always communicate)
system that integrates the endocrine and the nervous system
157
what activates the pituitary?
hypothalamus
158
specialized cells in the hypothalamus release..(who it talks to)
releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones to the pituitary
159
what gland sends FSH?
pituitary
160
ex. of activation of the neuroendocrine system (baby)
fetus pushes on cervix and sends signals to nervous system through hypothalamus, which results in oxytocin being secreted by posterior pituitary gland.
161
oxytocin released by...
POSTERIOR pituitary gland
162
kidneys are superior to what region?
the lumbar region
163
where is erythropoietin produced? Specifically
the renal cortex
164
renal medulla - what is regulated here? (100 times a day)
inner region of the kidney where concentration of urine is regulated
165
what manufactures urine?
kidneys
166
excretory system
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
167
urethra in men carries..
urine and sperm
168
nitrogenous waste from...or it will form...
protein digestion is toxic and must be removed or it will form ammonia.
169
function of kidneys (kid DUBB-W)
filtering blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure, producing active form of vitamin D.
170
functional unit of the kidney is...
the nephron
171
nephrons are a...(mattias - trash)
system of microscopic tubes that use pressure to remove wastes and reabsorb important molecules and water.
172
blood enters the kidneys full of...
waste from protein metabolism. goes from nephron capillary to renal artery, then to glomerulus, where stuff is filtered out of blood. then moves through tubule. water is reabsorbed through capillaries back into the blood
173
filtrate is....(WUGS)
water, urea, glucose salts and other small molecules
174
what is the final product in tubule?
urine
175
bladder has sensors that communicate with the..
CNS
176
urine is composed of...(mostly...)
95% water, urea, salts and excess organic molecules
177
how do kidneys maintain blood pressure? (can just change amount w/...)
by controlling the volume of blood. secreted hormones from kidneys constrict or dilate blood vessels, resulting in the need to increase or decrease bp.
178
how do kidneys help control production of RBCs? - this isn't correct..check.
cardiovascular pumps blood into kidneys through renal artery, pressure of blood helps the glomerulus filter out wastes and return nutrients through renal vein to the blood. kidneys also produce renin, hormone that regulates bp by retaining or removing water and salt.
179
innate 3 lines of defense (skin inflamed by nymph)
1) skin, mucus, secretions 2) phagocytes, specific proteins and inflammatory response 3) adaptive immunity - lymphocytes (B and T cells).
180
functions of immune system
prevents entry of pathogens - prevents entry, signaling, and targeting.
181
pathogens enter the body through...(duri)
digestive, urinary and reproductive. injuries.
182
where do B and T cells reside?
in the lymph
183
external barriers
skin and mucus
184
chemical barriers (chemicals - stove)
low pH, salt and enzymes
185
cellular barriers (good bugs)
commensal microorganisms
186
first response if a pathogen makes it into your body...(fire, mast, and danny)
inflammatory response, histamines are released, increasing blood flow to the area and more wbcs known as phagocytes.
187
interferons (hep virus)
proteins that interfere w/ the production of new viruses. they are released if a virus enters the body
188
internal barriers (cheer and ramirez - couch)
antimicrobial peptides and natural killer lymphocytes
189
2 general responses of the adaptive immune system (adaptive humor)
cellular or humoral
190
adaptive immune system responds by remembering..
signal molecules called antigens.
191
adaptive immune system's functional cells (main ones)
lymphocytes called B and T cells
192
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (mac Helps B and T cells)
macrophages - digest pathogens and present them to helper T cells. will either activate B cell or cytotoxic T cell
193
helper T cells produce...(helpers make the storm)
cytokines to active cytotoxic T cell, which then searches and destroys any cell w/ that pathogen
194
helper T cells can activate..(hangs w/ T)
B cells
195
B cells multiply into...(just one, you know it)
secretory cells called plasma cells
196
plasma cells produce large amounts of..
an antibody that bind to the antigen
197
both passive and active immunity can be..(fake)
induced artificially
198
rapid treatment, anti-venom, from a snake bite is a form of..(the snake is passive)
passive immunity - the anti-venom was given to you, therefore passive. You didn't form the antibodies.
199
HIV (danny can't adapt)
infects helper T cells and prevents them from activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells and prevents adaptive immune from operating
200
allergy symptoms caused by...(too many sails)
overactive immune system causing overproduction of mast cells that release histamine.
201
autoimmune disease
immune system mistakenly attacks body
202
ex. of autoimmune disease (DAM)
type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and MS.
203
serous membrane (seriously inside)
lines internal cavities. mucous membranes line external
204
you want inflammation to be...
temporary and localized
205
opsonins
tags placed on non-self cells. ex - antibodies
206
histamine will..(open sinuses)
vasodilate any tissue so more blood can flow in. also makes holes in capillaries bigger so WBCs can get through
207
diapedesis (remember prof. Bailey reference)
squeeze through the capillaries, ie wbcs when bacteria is detected
208
ex of cytokines (CLNH - clan storm)
lactoferrin and nitric oxide (toxic to bacteria), histamine, clotting trigger
209
renal arteries allows oxygenated blood to enter...(needs to get to...)
kidneys and renal veins, and allows deoxygenated blood to leave.
210
calcitriol - targets what, and what happens? (citrus stomach)
targets intestines, increases reabsorption of Ca2+.
211
cellular response - adaptive immunity
cellular destroys infected cell
212
humoral response - adaptive immunity
humoral destroys pathogens found in body fluids using antibodies secreted by B cells
