chem test #4

Question 1

step 1 (one nail polish to the ox)

Answer 1

acetyl from acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate

Question 2

step 2 (2 citrates make ice-o)

Answer 2

citrate is isomerized by OH group to make isocitrate

Question 3

step 3 (3 isocitrates lose car on keto diet)

Answer 3

isocitrate loses CO2 and is oxidized to a-ketogluterate

Question 4

step 4 (4 ketos and coA lose car with succulents)

Answer 4

ketogluterate reacts w/ coenzyme A and loses CO2 to make succinyl-CoA

Question 5

step 5 (5 fingers makes succulents and GTP)

Answer 5

succinyl-CoA is set free and coupled with GTP formation

Question 6

step 6 (six loses 2 balloons and the succulent is fuming)

Answer 6

2 hydrogen are removed from succinate and it makes fumerate

Question 7

step 7 (at 7/11 water added to fumes makes malate)

Answer 7

water is added to double bond of fumerate and makes malate

Question 8

step 8 (at 8 p.m. the malate turns into ox) (BUT how?)

Answer 8

malate is oxidized and returns to oxaloacetate

Question 9

difference in structure between wax and triacylglycerol

Answer 9

the triacylglycerol has the CH-O backbone on the left (3 CHs) and a wax has CHs on both sides.

Question 10

glycerophospholipids structure

Answer 10

just a glycerol with a phosphate group attached to the last CH2

Question 11

what has amine group?

Answer 11

sphingosine and gylcolipids - these are the 2 member of the sphingolipids groups

Question 12

structure of sphingolipid

Answer 12

it’s a sphingosine w/ a fatty acid acyl group attached to the NH2 part

Question 13

sphingosine structure (spring Oh, nitro, oh)

Answer 13

4 carbons with an OH at top, NH2 on second, and OH on 3rd, CH-something on the last carbon

Question 14

lipids that have a phosphate group (phosphate PGS)

Answer 14

phosopholipids, gylcerophospholipids, sphinomylins,

Question 15

fatty acids structure (fatty straight COOH)

Answer 15

straight chain with COOH on the end

Question 16

lipids that have an alcohol (OH) group (WTFGSS like alcohol)

Answer 16

waxes, triacylglycerol, sterols, fatty acids, glycolipids, sphingosine,

Question 17

lipids that are amphipathic (BP amp)

Answer 17

bile acids, phospholipids

Question 18

bile acids purpose

Answer 18

Essential for the emulsification of fats during digestion

Question 19

what makes glycerophospholipids emulsifying agents?

Answer 19

Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head groups make…

Question 20

lipoproteins

Answer 20

HDL and LDL

Question 21

2 types of phospholipids - GROUPS that have phosphate in them

Answer 21

glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids

Question 22

phospholipids are polar or non?

Answer 22

both, 2 tails are nonpolar, head is polar (the phosphate group is polar)

Question 23

fatty acids are polar or non?

Answer 23

nonpolar

Question 24

fatty acid structure

Answer 24

just a carboxylic acid with some CH group, 12 - 22 carbons, attached

Question 25

total ATP from 1 cycle of citric acid cycle

Answer 25

``` 12 NADH = 3 FADH2 = 2 GTP = 1 and it's 3 NADH, 1 FADH and 1 GTP = 12 ```

Question 26

common use of steroids - Glucocorticoids

Answer 26

help to regulate glucose metabolism and inflammation. Anti-inflammatory ointments contain hydrocortisone to reduce swelling and itching

Question 27

waxes common use

Answer 27

protective coatings on most fruits, berries, leaves, and animal furs have similar structures

Question 28

triacylglycerols - common use (think fatty acids - what do they do?)

Answer 28

long-term storage of energy. soap when they are hydrolysized

Question 29

Glycerophospholipids common use (phosphate is the doorman)

Answer 29

control flow of molecules in and out of cell

Question 30

lipoproteins common use

Answer 30

transport of fatty acids from cells in organs

Question 31

to make ADP from ATP, we need...

Answer 31

water. It's hydrolysis

Question 32

sphingolipids structure

Answer 32

(this is just sphingosines and glycolipids) They have the L shape, but sphingosines have a phosphate group attached, while gylcolipids have a sugar (circle attached).

Question 33

which ones contain gylcerols

Answer 33

triacylglerols and glycerophospholipids

Question 34

saturated is solid or not? (S = S)

Answer 34

solid

Question 35

metabolism breakdown is (PLC)

Answer 35

lipids, carbs, and proteins

Question 36

in metabolism, sugar and amino acids acytel coA formation happens where? (at the beginning)

Answer 36

cytoplasm

Question 37

in metabolism, fatty acids acytel coA formation happens where?

Answer 37

mitochondria

Question 38

in digestion, lipids breakdown into...

Answer 38

glycerol plus long- chain carboxylic acids, termed fatty acids

Question 39

favorable coupled w/ unfavorable example

Answer 39

phosphorylation of glucose (unfavorable) w/ hydrolysis of ATP (makes ADP)

Question 40

NAD in what steps? (NAD starts and ends w/ your favs)

Answer 40

3, 4 and 8

Question 41

FAD in what steps? (FAD in the 60s)

Answer 41

6

Question 42

tricycle and water plus salt makes soap

Answer 42

saponification

Question 43

sphingomyelins have...(structure)

Answer 43

phosphate group on C1

Question 44

L shape in sphinosine has..

Answer 44

an NH in it

Question 45

hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is ONLY soap in...

Answer 45

basic solution. In acidic it's just split in 2.

Question 46

sphingosine is just...

Answer 46

the backbone - it has 4 Cs, OH on 1st, NH2 on 2nd, OH on 3d, and CHs on last.

Question 47

last step of digestion of lipids and oils takes place where?

Answer 47

small intestine

Question 48

cholesterol structure

Answer 48

sterol ring w/ 5 CHs attached and 1 OH

Question 49

glucose uses what type of transport?

Answer 49

facilitated diffusion (protein channel) - NO energy is used

Question 50

step 5

Answer 50

double is gone, CoA is gone, and COO is back

Question 51

step 7 (malate needs a second for the OH)

Answer 51

malate gets on OH on second carbon

Question 52

step 8 (OH you've doubled again)

Answer 52

dehydrate malate and OH becomes double again