Newborns quiz

Question 1

4 methods of heat loss

Answer 1

conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation

Question 2

conduction

Answer 2

(3%): transfer from 1 object to another when the 2 objects in direct contact.
Newborn’s skin touches a cold surface, causing body heat to transfer to the colder object.
RN measures:
Pre-warm surfaces that the baby comes into contact with: warming crib sheets, heated mattresses/radiant warmers.
Skin-to-skin

Question 3

convection (convict the draft)

Answer 3

(34%): heat loss d/t air currents/drafts
Cold air blows over the body of the infant = cooling the infant (open doors, windows, A/C, fan blowing when mom holding baby).
RN measures: maintain a warm & draft-free environment.
Maintain a warm & draft-free environment: clothes & blankets.
Avoid placing cribs near open windows/air vents.
Use incubators/isolettes to create a controlled microclimate to reduce exposure to the cool air.

Question 4

evaporation

Answer 4

RN measures:
Dry the baby promptly after birth/bathing to prevent evaporative heat loss.
Keep the baby’s head covered to prevent heat loss through the scalp.
Promptly changing wet linens, clothes, or diapers.

Question 5

S/Sx of hypothermia in the infant: (just 2)

Answer 5

cyanosis & tachypnea

Question 6

radiation

Answer 6

Radiation (39%): cold objects close to, but not touching, the newborn. (Window open near baby).
RN measures:
Keep the baby away from the cold walls, windows, & other cold surfaces.
Ensure that the baby is not exposed to drafts/cold air.

Question 7

transient circulatory channels of fetal circulation (vow to be transient)

Answer 7

Ductus Venosus, Ductus Arteriosus:, Foramen Ovale

Question 8

Ductus Venosus: (veins in my liver are inferior)

Answer 8

Location: liver – connecting umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
Function: ductus venosus allows oxygenated blood from placenta to bypass the fetal liver & flow directly into the inferior vena cava to ensure that O2-rich blood is delivered to the heart & rest of the fetal body.

Question 9

Ductus Arteriosus: (Art pulls to art for the system)

Answer 9

Location: blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery (carrying blood from the RT ventricle to the lungs) to the aorta (which carries blood to the systemic circulation).
Function: allows some of the blood that is pumped from the RT ventricle to bypass the nonfunctioning fetal lungs & flow directly into the systemic circulation. This helps ensure a greater supply of oxygenated blood to the rest of the fetal body.

Question 10

Foramen Ovale: (oval lungs)

Answer 10

Location: btw. RT & LF atrium (upper chambers) of heart
Function: shunt allowing oxygenated blood from RT atrium to pass directly into the LF atrium, bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs, ensuring that a greater portion of O2-rich blood is distributed to the systemic circulation.

Question 11

Jaundice (Keri has jaundice)

Answer 11

assess the level of bilirubin in the blood, baby’s age, & other factors to determine whether jaundice is physiologic/pathological. Early ID & appropriate mgmt. are essential to prevent complications associated w/severe jaundice, such as kernicterus (rare but serious neurological condition).

Question 12

jaundice - parents

Answer 12

Parents: regular medical checkups & monitoring are essential to ensure baby’s health & well-being.

Question 13

Pathological Jaundice - when (pathology is not normal)

Answer 13

Pathological Jaundice (Early-Onset; < 24 hrs): req. med. eval. to determine underlying cause.
When: w/in 1st 24hrs of life or is persistent beyond the 1st wk; when total bilirubin levels increase >

Question 14

Jaundice - treatment - hemolytic - feeding - how often? (normal)

Answer 14

when there is increased bkdn of RBCs, leading to elevated bilirubin levels.
Encourage early initiation of feeding:
Provides proteins to maintain the albumin levels to transport bilirubin to liver & prevents hypoglycemia.
Feed q 2-3 hrs to promote emptying of bilirubin from the bowel.
BF 8-12 x/day prevents inadequate intake & dehydration.

Question 15

jaundice - liver - what conditions cause it (the worst one)

Answer 15

conditions affecting the liver, such as: infections (sepsis), metabolic disorders, congenital liver diseases, can result in pathological jaundice.
Meds, supportive care, & live transplant (severe).

Question 16

Physiologic Jaundice (Late; > 24 hrs):

Answer 16

Physiologic Jaundice (Late; > 24 hrs): most common; normal hyperbilirubinemia seen in newborns. A normal response to the bkdn of excess RBCs & the immature liver’s ability to process bilirubin efficiently.

Question 17

jaundice - meconium

Answer 17

Note: newborn w/delayed passage of meconium – more likely to develop physiologic jaundice (normal jaundice)

Question 18

Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) (fay is less severe)

Answer 18

Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE): result of moderate drinking through pregnancy
Milder range of effects seen in children who were exposed to alcohol in utero but do not meet all the criteria for a diagnosis of FAS.
Cognitive & behavioral impairments: less severe.

Question 19

FAS - fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 19

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): result of high doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, such as binge drinking &/or drinking on a regular on a regular basis.

Question 20

FAS - more serious problems (just mental)

Answer 20

Most Serious Problems:
Lifelong: cognitive, behavioral, & developmental challenges
Disabilities: learning, intellectual, attention, memory
Impulsivity, poor judgment, & difficulty w/social interactions

Question 21

alcohol

Answer 21

There is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. It is recommended that pregnant individuals avoid alcohol entirely to prevent the risk of FAS. Even small amounts of alcohol can potentially harm the developing fetus. Alcohol crosses the placenta & can interfere w/fetal development, causing a range of physical & neurological impairments.

Question 22

diabetic mother - 1st 2 hours (just bonding)

Answer 22

1st 2 hrs: ensure smooth transition to the outside world & promote bonding btw newborn & parents. Promoting bonding during this time involves encouraging skin-to-skin contact, allowing parents to hold & interact w/their newborn, supporting BF, & providing a calm & nurturing environment. RNs ensure that the initial hrs of a newborn’s life are safe, comforting, & conducive to bonding btw the newborn & their parents.

Question 23

diabetic mother - assessment (and what is always done?) (gestational diabetes)

Answer 23

HR, RR, temp, skin color, muscle tone, & reflexes
Evaluate gestational age: Ballard or other appropriate methods.
Administer Vit. K injection to prevent bleeding disorders

Question 24

diabetic mother - VS for baby - which ones? (just 4)

Answer 24

HR, RR, O2
Assess temp & provide warm environment to prevent hypothermia.

Question 25

diabetic mother - meds (same as all babies)

Answer 25

Administer erythromycin/tetracycline eye ointment to prevent eye infection. IM injection of Phytonadione (Vit. K) to produce adequate clotting factors. Perform cord clamping & cutting, while assessing for signs of nuchal cord/other abnormalities.

Question 26

APGAR - 1 min

Answer 26

1 min: provides data about the newborn’s initial adaptation to extrauterine life.

Question 27

APGAR rating (3 is a severe number)

Answer 27

Rating/Points: higher the score indicates the better condition of the newborn. 0: absent/poor response 1: slow, irregular, limited 2: normal, complete response Normal: 8-10 – no intervention needed other than supporting normal resp efforts & maintaining thermoregulation Moderate difficult: 4-7 Severe distress: 0-3

Question 28

Problem List for an Infant of a Diabetic Mother (not what you'd think)

Answer 28

Risk of: Hypoglycemia Macrosomia (large birth weight) Respiratory distress syndrome Hypocalcemia Jaundice Congenital anomalies

Question 29

Appropriate Care for an Infant of a Diabetic Mother: (don't forget what)

Answer 29

Monitoring BG levels regularly Frequent feeding to prevent hypoglycemia. Early glucose monitoring after birth Close monitoring after birth Close monitoring of respiratory status Monitoring Ca+ levels & providing supplementation, if necessary. Monitoring bilirubin levels for jaundice Comprehensive medical examination to detect any congenital anomalies.

Question 30

Intervention for Hypoglycemia - monitor what?

Answer 30

Early & frequent BF/formula feeding. IV glucose infusion if BG levels are critically low. Monitoring BG levels & adjusting feeding freq, as needed. Close monitoring of s/sx of hypoglycemia (jitteriness, lethargy, poor feeding) Ensuring the infant receives adequate nutrition & glucose through feeds. Consulting w/pediatrician or neonatologist for further mgmt if hypoglycemia persists/worsens.

Question 31

circumcision - pros (pros same as women)

Answer 31

Reduced Risk of UTI: circumcision may lower the risk of UTI infections in infancy Decreased Risk of Certain STI: circumcision has been associated w/a reduced risk of contracting certain sexually transmitted infections like HIV & HPV. Potential Decrease in Penile CX Risk: some studies suggest a reduced risk of penile cx among circumcised individuals, although this type of cx is rare overall. Easier Genital Hygiene: circumcision

Question 32

circumcision - cons

Answer 32

Pain & Discomfort: circumcision involves a surgical procedure that cause pain & discomfort to the infant. Risk of Complications: complications can arise from the circumcision procedure, such as: bleeding, infection, or improper healing. Decreased Sensitivity: some argue that circumcision may lead to decreased sensitivity & sexual pleasure d/t removal of the foreskin. Lack of Medical Necessity: in many cases, circumcision is not medically necessary & is considered an elective procedure. Ethical Concerns: some people raise ethical concerns about performing a non-consensual surgical procedure on an infant who cannot provide informed consent. Cultural/Religious Objections: some individual/groups may oppose circumcision d/t cultural, ethical, or religious reasons.

Question 33

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): (RDS is a fact)

Answer 33

hyaline membrane disease, a common breathing disorder that primarily affects premature infants’ d/t underdeveloped lungs & a lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) open during breathing.

Question 34

RDS - surfactant - how many weeks? (lose surfactant at 34)

Answer 34

Surfactant Deficiency: surfactant is a mixture of lipids & proteins that lines the inner surface of the alveoli. It reduces surface tension, preventing the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation & facilitating the exchange of O2 & CO2. In premature infants, particularly those born before 34 wks of gestation, the lungs may not produce enough surfactant.

Question 35

RDS - alveolar collapse

Answer 35

Alveolar Collapse: w/o sufficient surfactant, the alveoli have higher surface tension, causing them to collapse at the end of each breath, making it more difficult for the infant to fully inflate the lungs during inhalation & leading to inadequate O2 exchange.

Question 36

RDS - increased work of breathing - symptoms

Answer 36

Increased Work of Breathing: infant’s lungs become stiff & noncompliant d/t alveolar collapse, increasing the effort required for breathing, leading to labored breathing, rapid RR, & retractions (visible pulling in of the chest muscles).

Question 37

RDS - hypoxia & hypercapnia

Answer 37

Hypoxia & Hypercapnia: inability to adequately exchange O2 & CO2 results in reduced O2 levels in the blood (hypoxia) & elevated levels CO2 (hypercapnia), leading to resp. acidosis & disrupts the body’s acid-base balance.

Question 38

RDS - Pulmonary Vasoconstriction - but it puts strain on what?

Answer 38

Pulmonary Vasoconstriction: reduced O2 levels can lead to pulmonary vasoconstriction, where blood vessels in the lungs constrict, putting additional strain on the heart & worsen the infant’s condition.

Question 39

RDS - Hyaline Membrane (hyaline leaks)

Answer 39

Hyaline Membrane: In response to inflammation & damage caused by alveolar collapse, protein-rich fluid may leak into the alveoli. This fluid can form a layer of hyaline membrane, which further reduces gas exchange & makes breathing even more challenging.

Question 40

RDS - management

Answer 40

Management: RDS is a critical condition requiring prompt medical intervention, esp. in premature infants, to prevent severe complications & improve outcomes. Providing respiratory support to the infant, including: Administering exogenous surfactant through a breathing tube, Providing O2 therapy Using mechanical ventilation to support breathing until the infant’s lungs mature & produce sufficient surfactant.

Question 41

Meconium Aspirations - what percentage of births? (mercury at 12 and 15)

Answer 41

occurs when the newborn inhales particulate meconium mixed with amniotic fluid into the lungs while still in utero or when taking the first breath after birth. It is a common cause of newborn respiratory distress and can lead to severe illness. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid, with the possibility of aspiration, occurs in approximately 12% to 15% of pregnancies at term (Cunningham et al., 2018).

Question 42

MAS (maconium syndrome) nursing interventions (massey at door)

Answer 42

02, nitric oxide, high ventilation, vasopressors, vasodilators, surfactant, ABGs, heart-lung machine. Expect to administer hyperoxygenation to dilate the pulmonary vasculature and close the ductus arteriosus or nitric oxide inhalation to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance, or to use high-frequency oscillatory ventilation to increase the chance of air trapping (Garcia-Prats, 2020). In addition, administer vasopressors and pulmonary vasodilators as prescribed and administer surfactant as ordered to counteract inactivation by meconium. Monitor ABG results for changes and assist with measures to correct acid–base imbalances to facilitate perfusion of tissues and prevent pulmonary hypertension (Resnik et al., 2019). If these measures are ineffective, be prepared to assist with the use of ECMO, a modified type of heart–lung machine. In addition, perform the following intervention

Question 43

MAS nursing interventions

Answer 43

Cluster newborn care to minimize oxygen demand. Maintain an optimal thermal environment to minimize oxygen consumption. Prevent and treat any complications such as hypotension, metabolic acidosis, or anemia. Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat bacterial pneumonia. Administer sedation to reduce agitation and oxygen consumption. Continuously monitor the newborn’s condition—cardiac and respiratory status, oximetry. Provide continuous reassurance and support to the parents throughout the experience

Question 44

neonatal sepsis organisms - hospital vs. birth

Answer 44

Organisms: Neonatal sepsis is the presence of bacterial, fungal, or viral microorganisms or their toxins in blood or other tissues. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are usually acquired after birth in hospital settings, while bacterial infections acquired by newborns during labor are usually group B beta hemolytic Streptococcus and Escherichia coli. S. aureus, E. Coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Candida, and Anaerobes.

Question 45

sepsis clinical manifestations

Answer 45

Hypotension Tachycardia Pallor or duskiness Hypotonia Temperature instability Cyanosis Poor weight gain Irritability Seizures Apnea Jaundice Grunting Respiratory distress Nasal flaring Vomiting Bradycardia Lethargy Rash Petechiae Hypoglycemia Poor feeding (lack of interest in feeding) Abdominal distention

Question 46

sepsis therapy (amp up sepsis w/ gents) - meds

Answer 46

Since infection can be confused with other newborn conditions, laboratory and radiographic tests are needed to confirm the presence of infection. Be prepared to coordinate the timing of the various tests and assist as necessary.Positive cultures confirm that the newborn has an infection. Treatment is initially with ampicillin plus either gentamicin or cefotaxime, narrowed to organism-specific drugs as soon as the cultures identify the specific organism.

Question 47

sepsis treatment - how long are antibiotics?

Answer 47

Antibiotic therapy is usually started before the laboratory results identify the infecting pathogen. Along with antibiotic therapy, circulatory, respiratory, nutritional, and developmental support is important. Antibiotic therapy is continued for 7 to 21 days if cultures are positive, or it is discontinued within 72 hours if cultures are negative

Question 48

Large for gestational age (LGA) (not that big)

Answer 48

Large for gestational age (LGA) describes newborns whose birth weight is above the 90th percentile on a growth chart and who weigh more than 4,000 g (8 lb, 13 oz) at term due to accelerated overgrowth for length of gestation

Question 49

Small for gestational age (SGA) - what weight?

Answer 49

Small for gestational age (SGA) describes newborns who typically weigh less than 2,500 g (5 lb, 8 oz) at term due to less growth in utero than expected. A newborn is also classified as SGA if their birth weight is at or below the 10th percentile as correlated with the number of weeks of gestation on a growth chart

Question 50

LGA infants - risks (not what you think, and how often to monitor if baby has it?) (large for 30 min)

Answer 50

LGA infants are at risk for hypoglycemia related to early depletion of glycogen stores in the liver.  Obtain frequent blood glucose levels as ordered to evaluate for hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia - Supervised breast-feeding or formula feeding may be initial treatment options in asymptomatic hypoglycemia. However, symptomatic hypoglycemia should always be treated with a continuous infusion of parenteral dextrose. Monitor blood glucose levels within 30 minutes of birth and repeat the screening every hour. Recheck levels before feedings and also immediately in any infant suspected of having or showing clinical signs of hypoglycemia.

Question 51

SGA infants - diseases (small guys, small kidneys)

Answer 51

SGA infants are associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as short stature, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, and end-stage renal disease in adulthood. In addition, SGA children have decreased levels of intelligence and cognition

Question 52

feeding

Answer 52

 When they go home, mothers are encouraged to feed their newborns every 2 to 4 hours during the day and only when the newborn awakens during the night for the first few days after birth. Generally, newborns should be fed on demand whenever they seem hungry. Most newborns will give clues about their hunger status by crying, placing their fingers or fist in their mouth, rooting around, and sucking.

Question 53

breast fed babies

Answer 53

Newborns differ in their feeding needs and preferences, but most breast-fed newborns need to be fed every 2 to 3 hours, nursing for 10 to 20 minutes on each breast. The length of feedings is up to the mother and newborn. Encourage the mother to respond to cues from her infant and not feed according to a standard or preset schedule.

Question 54

formula fed babies - how often to feed?

Answer 54

Formula-fed newborns usually feed every 3 to 4 hours, finishing a bottle in 30 minutes or less.

Question 55

assessments for adequacy of breastfeeding - L

Answer 55

The LATCH scoring tool is a breast-feeding charting system that provides a systematic method for gathering information about individual breast-feeding sessions. The system assigns a numerical score of 0, 1, or 2 to five key components of breast-feeding. Each letter of the acronym “LATCH” denotes an area of assessment: “L” is for how well the infant latches onto the breast;

Question 56

sore and cracked nipples

Answer 56

Use only warm water, not soap, to clean the nipples to prevent dryness. Express some milk before feeding to stimulate the milk ejection reflex. Avoid using breast pads with plastic liners, and change pads when they are wet. Wear a comfortable bra that is not too tight. Apply a few drops of breast milk to the nipples after feeding. Take systemic antiinflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen for discomfort. Rotate positions when feeding the infant to promote complete breast emptying. Leave the nursing bra flaps down after feeding to allow nipples to air-dry. Inspect the nipples daily for redness or cracks (La Leche League, 2020a).

Question 57

Engorgement

Answer 57

Take warm to hot showers to encourage milk release. Express some milk manually before breast-feeding. Lie back to keep the breasts higher because fluids follow gravity. Wear a supportive nursing bra 24 hours a day to provide support. Feed the newborn in a variety of positions—sitting up and then lying down. Massage the breasts from under the axillary area down toward the nipple. Increase the frequency of feedings. Keep infant with you to facilitate frequent breast-feeding. Apply warm compresses to the breasts prior to nursing. Stay relaxed while breast-feeding. Stand in a shower and let hot water hit the back to relax and release some milk. Use a breast pump if nursing or if manual expression is not effective. Remember that this condition is temporary and resolves quickly

Question 58

neonatal vital signs

Answer 58

Heart rate and respiratory rate are assessed immediately after birth with Apgar scoring. Heart rate is obtained by taking an apical pulse for 1 full minute and is typically 110 to 160 bpm. Newborns’ respirations are assessed when they are quiet or sleeping. Place a stethoscope on the right side of the chest and count the breaths for 1 full minute to identify any irregularities. The newborn respiratory rate is 30 to 60 breaths/min with symmetric chest movement. Tmep 36.5 - 37.5 (97.7 - 99.5)

Question 59

How do you determine caloric requirements for a full-term neonate

Answer 59

Daily formula intake for an infant should be 1.5 to 2 oz/lb of body weight, but growth is a better measure of health than the amount of formula consumed (Konek & Becker, 2019). If the newborn seems satisfied, wets six to 10 diapers daily, produces several stools a day, sleeps well, and is gaining weight regularly, then they are probably receiving sufficient breast milk or formula

Question 60

measurement for pathological jaundice (think of your pt)

Answer 60

bilirubin greater 5mg/dL/day & total level > 17 mg/dL in a full-term infant

Question 61

what causes pathological jaundice (rh has jaundice)

Answer 61

Blood type incompatibility/hemolytic dx (Rh factor & ABO incompatibilities) Due to: underlying medical conditions that cause excessive bilirubin production/impair the liver’s ability to process bilirubin effectively  acute/chronic bilirubin encephalopathy.

Question 62

pathologic jaundice - treatment - hemolytic - Phototherapy:

Answer 62

Phototherapy: lowers the serum bilirubin by transforming bilirubin into H20-soluble isomers that can be eliminated w/o conjugation in the liver. Converts unconjugated bilirubin to less toxic H20 soluble form that can be excreted.

Question 63

pathologic jaundice - treatment - hemolytic - transfusion

Answer 63

Exchange transfusion: if total serum bilirubin levels remain elevated after intensive phototherapy. Recommended: during hemolytic dx, severe anemia, or rapid rise in total serum bilirubin level. In conjunction w/albumin administered before the transfusion, the quickest method for lowering serum bilirubin levels. Only as a 2nd line therapy AFTER phototherapy.

Question 64

physiologic jaundice - when

Answer 64

When: w/in 1st wk of life & peaks around the 2nd – 3rd day d/t limitations & abnormalities of bilirubin metabolism. (levels reach up to 10 mg/dL & decline rapidly over the 1st wk.)

Question 65

physiologic jaundice - treatment

Answer 65

Treatment: most cases, does not req. treatment; Phototherapy: may be recommended if bilirubin levels are elevated/rising rapidly. This involves exposing the baby to special blue lights that help convert bilirubin into a form that can be excreted more easily. Frequent feeding & adequate hydration: also aids in bilirubin elimination.

Question 66

FAS - Physical Characteristics

Answer 66

Physical Characteristics: low birth weight, developmental delays, & hyperactivity Small head size & facial abnormalities: smooth philtrum (btw upper lip & nose) & thin upper lip Low nasal bridge & short nose. Small eye openings: narrow palpebral fissures Small chin & flattened midface Poor coordination & motor skills

Question 67

FAS - physical problems (basically everything)

Answer 67

Physical: heart defects, kidney abnormalities, skeletal anomalies, growth deficiencies, & motor coordination. Results of FAS & FAE: irreversible & life-long.

Question 68

APGAR - 5 min (5 senses)

Answer 68

5 min: central nervous system status.

Question 69

APGAR - Appearance

Answer 69

Appearance: color – inspection of trunk & extremities

Question 70

APGAR- Pulse

Answer 70

Pulse: HR – auscultation of apical HR for 1 full min

Question 71

APGAR- Grimace

Answer 71

Grimace: reflex irritability – flicking of soles of feet/suctioning of the nose w/bulb syringe

Question 72

APGAR- activity

Answer 72

Activity: muscle tone – extent of flexion in newborn’s extremities & resistance when extremities are pulled away

Question 73

APGAR- Respiratory

Answer 73

Respiratory: respiratory effort – depth & rate; volume & vigor of the newborn’s cry

Question 74

meconium aspiration results in...(think lungs)

Answer 74

Aspiration induces airway obstruction, surfactant dysfunction, hypoxia, and chemical pneumonitis with inflammation of pulmonary tissues. In severe cases, it progresses to persistent pulmonary hypertension and death (Cunningham et al., 2018). Of the up to 10% of infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid, only about 10% develop MAS, and of that percentage, approximately 5% of infants with MAS die. The use of surfactant and inhaled nitric oxide has led to the decreased mortality and the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use.

Question 75

MAS - blood volume and blood pressure (MAS can shunt)

Answer 75

Pay careful attention to systemic blood volume and blood pressure to decrease right-to-left shunting through the patent ductus.

Question 76

vital signs - how often? (just 30 for 2)

Answer 76

Heart and respiratory rates are usually assessed every 30 minutes until stable for 2 hours after birth. Once stable, the heart rate and respiratory rates are checked every 8 hours.

Question 77

how much formula every day?

Answer 77

Daily formula intake for an infant should be 1.5 to 2 oz/lb of body weight, but growth is a better measure of health than the amount of formula consumed (Konek & Becker, 2019). If the newborn seems satisfied, wets six to 10 diapers daily, produces several stools a day, sleeps well, and is gaining weight regularly, then they are probably receiving sufficient breast milk or formula.

Question 78

how often to take baby's temp (same as other vital signs)

Answer 78

The baby’s temperature should be taken every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours or until the temperature has stabilized, and then every 8 hours until discharge or follow hospital protocols

Question 79

tests for sepsis (don't forget the spine)

Answer 79

Evaluate the complete blood count with a differential to identify anemia, leukocytosis, or leukopenia. Elevated CRP levels may indicate inflammation. As ordered, obtain x-rays of the chest and abdomen, which may reveal infectious processes located there. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine cultures are indicated to identify the location and type of infection present.

Question 80

LATCH - A

Answer 80

“A” is for audible swallowing noted;

Question 81

LATCH - T

Answer 81

“T” is for the mother’s nipple type;

Question 82

LATCH - C

Answer 82

“C” is for the mother’s breast/nipple level of comfort; and

Question 83

LATCH - H

Answer 83

“H” is for the holding position and amount of help the mother needs to hold her infant to the breast.

Question 84

gestational age

Answer 84

a newborn born before completion of 37 weeks is classified as a preterm newborn and one born after completion of 42 weeks is classified as a post-term newborn. An infant born from the first day of the 38th week through 42 weeks is classified as a full-term newborn.