3.3.3 Hardiness Evaluation (Str)

Question 1

(Importance of 3Cs) maddi believed all 3 parts of the hardy personality were required to do what?

Answer 1

Have the buffering effect against stress

Question 2

(Importance of 3Cs) does Sandvik agree or disagree with maddi?

Answer 2

Disagree

Question 3

(Importance of 3Cs) who did sandvik study and when?

Answer 3

21 Norwegian navy cadets during a stressful exercise

Question 4

(Importance of 3Cs) what did sandvik obtain from the cadets?

Answer 4

Hardiness scores before hand

Blood samples at the middle and end of the exercise

Question 5

(Importance of 3Cs) sandvik found all cadets were high in what?

Answer 5

Hardiness

Question 6

(Importance of 3Cs) sandvik - what did it mean if the cadets were unbalanced?

Answer 6

High in commitment and control

Low in challenge

Question 7

(Importance of 3Cs) sandvik found those unbalanced showed what response to stress?

Answer 7

Damaging immune response

More vulnerable to stress

Question 8

(Importance of 3Cs) sandvik’s research suggests particular parts of the hardy personality may do what?

Answer 8

Have more of an effect in buffering against stress

Question 9

(Consistency of findings) benefits of hardiness have been shown across what?

Answer 9

Wide range of groups and settings

Question 10

(Consistency of findings) Beasley et al found uni students scoring high in hardiness showed what?

Answer 10

Reduced levels of psychological stress

Question 11

(Consistency of findings) Bartone found soldiers with higher hardiness were better able to do what?

Answer 11

Cope with stress in their normal life’s and combat

Question 12

(Consistency of findings) Bartone - soldiers high in hardiness were less likely to experience what?

Answer 12

Long term negative consequences e.g. PTSD

Question 13

(Consistency of findings) this is a strength it shows hardiness can benefit who?

Answer 13

Everyone

High in reliability

Question 14

(Inconsistency of findings) what did Shepard find in his research?

Answer 14

Gender differences

Question 15

(Inconsistency of findings) Shepard - hardy personalities particularly control and commitment were more likely to benefit who?

Answer 15

Men

They have fewer stress related illnesses

Question 16

(Inconsistency of findings) Shepard - women high in hardiness are still likely to what?

Answer 16

Experience stress related illnesses

Question 17

(Inconsistency of findings) Shepard’s research suggests there is what?

Answer 17

Important gender difference we can’t ignore

Question 18

(Issues in measuring) what is one issue of measuring hardiness?

Answer 18

Researchers using a number of scales

Question 19

(Issues in measuring) what could researchers using different scales explain?

Answer 19

Inconsistency in research findings

Question 20

(Issues in measuring) different questionnaires may measure what?

Answer 20

Different things e.g. One may measure commitment and another control

Question 21

(Issues in measuring) with using different scales there is a lack of what?

Answer 21

Inter rater reliability

Question 22

(Issues in measuring) what did funk recommend research should use?

Answer 22

Dispositional resilience scale

DRS

Question 23

(Issues in measuring) what are some strengths of the DRS?

Answer 23

Uniform approach
Measures all 3 components equally
More widely available

Question 24

(Issues in measuring) why might social desirability be an issue in measuring hardiness?

Answer 24

People low in hardiness may be reluctant to admit to not enjoying spending time with family or not taking care of their health

Question 25

(Issues in measuring) social desirability leads to reduced what?

Answer 25

Accuracy/validity

Question 26

(Internal validity) why do we want research to be high in internal validity?

Answer 26

So it actually measures what it claims to

Question 27

(Internal validity) funk and Houston noted many questions used to assess hardiness are also used to assess what?

Answer 27

Neuroticism

Question 28

(Internal validity) e.g. On a hardiness scale it says if someone gets mad at me it is no fault of mine, what does it say on a neuroticism scale?

Answer 28

I feel I have been punished without cause

Question 29

(Internal validity) this is a weakness as questionnaires may be doing what?

Answer 29

Measuring neuroticism rather than hardiness

Question 30

(Real life applications) how has hardiness been applied?

Answer 30

Training programmes

Question 31

(Real life applications) maddi compared a group given hardiness training to who?

Answer 31

Group given relaxation training

And a control group

Question 32

(Real life applications) Maddi - hardiness training increased what? And decreased what?

Answer 32

Increased job satisfaction

Decreased anxiety and illness

Question 33

(Real life applications) Maddi’s research suggests what?

Answer 33

Hardiness training can benefit people and improve their lives