Test 37- BC

Question 1

Biotin acts as CO2 carrier for what enzymes

Answer 1

carboxylation enzymes

Question 2

pyruvate > OAA

Answer 2

pyruvate carboxylase

Question 3

Acetyl CoA>

malonyl CoA

Answer 3

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Question 4

priopionyl CoA> methylmalonyl CoA

Answer 4

proprionyl CoA carboxylase

Question 5

excess ingestion of avidin

Answer 5

biotin def

Question 6

requries thyiamine cofactor

Answer 6

transketolase
alpha keto DH
pyruvte DH

Question 7

most abundant AA in collagen

Answer 7

collagen is 1/3 lysine!!

Question 8

what AA i smost avidly consumed by fibroblasts?

Answer 8

glycine

Question 9

aa in collagen

Answer 9

GLYCINE
proline
lysine

Question 10

Poor feeding
developmental delay
megaloblastic anemia (decreased DNA)
high plasma homocysteine
pt can't form cobalamin

can’t synthesize…

Answer 10

methionine

Question 11

results in homocystinemia d/t impaired mehthionine re-synthesis

Answer 11

B12 def

homocysteine mehtyltransferase requries B12 as a cofacgor

Question 12

enzyme that contributes to pigment stones

Answer 12

arise secondary to infection of biliary tract> release of beta glucuronidase by injured hepatocytes/bacteria>
hydrolysis of bilirubin>
increaes amt of unconjugated bilirubin

Question 13

principle stabilizing force for secondary structure of proteins (beta pleated sheets)

Answer 13

H bonds

Question 14

primary structure

Answer 14

peptide bonds

Question 15

secondary structure: alpha helix/B sheet

Answer 15

H bond

Question 16

How does hyperammonmia affect the glutamate/glutamine cycle?

Answer 16

Excess NH4> depeletes alpha keto>
inhibition of TCA

depletes glutamate>
accumulation of glutamine>
astrocyte swelling/dysfxn

Question 17

exertional dyspnea
pneumonia
acute chest syndrome
recurrent abdominal pain

Answer 17

sickle cell

Question 18

point mut leading to sub of glutamic acid for valine

Answer 18

sickle cell

Question 19

niemen pick enz def

Answer 19

sphingomyelinase>abnormal accum phospholypipid sphinomyeline

Question 20

Methylmalonic acidemia

Answer 20

defect in isomerization rxn that transforms methylmalonyl coA to succinyl CoA prior to succinyl co A entering TCA cycle

Question 21

inhibition of LDH in exercising muscle> inhibition of glycolysis d/t intracellular depletion of what substance?

Answer 21

NAD!

Question 22

how do we regenerate NAD in anaerobic conditions

Answer 22

NADH transfers H to pyruvate to form LACTATE

Question 23

required to convert glyc 3 P to 1,3 PBG

Answer 23

NAD

Question 24

agent that specifically blocks the interaction of ITP w/ its intracellular receptor would ecrease the activity of?

Answer 24

Protein kinase C

Question 25

what activates PKC?

Answer 25

DAG and Ca release from SR under influence of IP3

Question 26

Gq

Answer 26

phospholipase C Dag/IP3 PK C Ca> smooht muscle contraction

Question 27

causes of secondary lactase def

Answer 27

viral gastroenteritis/disease taht damges inetstinal epithelium

Question 28

beta galactosidase

Answer 28

needed to confert Lactose to galactose

Question 29

OAA forms kaspartate while reacting w/ glutamate. What is needed for htis rxn?

Answer 29

B6 transamination

Question 30

occurs between AA and alpha keto acid

Answer 30

transamination

Question 31

cells that have LOW potential to replicate and LOW telomerase activity

Answer 31

pancreatic beta cells neurons myocardial cells

Question 32

no potential to divide

Answer 32

RBC

Question 33

telomerase is present in...

Answer 33

cancer cells stem cells epithelilial cells (rapidly divide)

Question 34

N acetylglutamate

Answer 34

essential activity of CPI

Question 35

snRNPs

Answer 35

synthesized by RNA pol II help remove INTRONS/syntehsis of mRNA

Question 36

insulin> TK> stimulate synthesis of glycogen/proteins, fatty acids by activating...

Answer 36

protein phosphatase

Question 37

Why is HbS more severe than HbC

Answer 37

HbS contains valine in place of glutamic acid. this promotes hydrophobic interaction among Hb molecules> plymerization of HbS moleucles> RBC distortion

Question 38

lipoic acid is needed for what enzymes?

Answer 38

Mitochondrial enzymes: PDH> lactic acidosis alpha ketoglutarate DH branched chaint ketoacid DH> maple syrup urine disease

Question 39

EDsyndrome is associated w/ abnormal

Answer 39

collagen

Question 40

mild hypochormoic microcytic anemia w/ increased HbF, HbA and target cells

Answer 40

beta thalassemia

Question 41

what causes beta thalassemia?

Answer 41

mut in defective trxn processing translation of beta globin mRNA

Question 42

what occurs outside of the osteoblast during collagen synthesis?

Answer 42

terminal propeptides cleaved by N and C procollagen peptidases> tropocollagen formation of collagen fibrils covalent cross links formed by lysyl oxidase

Question 43

why do bruises get a greenish color?

Answer 43

heme oxygenase

Question 44

``` Accident> bruise> lysis of RBC> release of Hb into soft tissues> heme degraded to.... ```

Answer 44

heme oxygenase converts heme to biliverdin to form a BRUISE!

Question 45

Map kinase singal transduction pathway includes...

Answer 45

Ras proteins> | g protein that is exists in active and inactive forms--GDP vs GTP

Question 46

BER

Answer 46

corrects defects in single bases

Question 47

``` glycosylase removes defective base corresponding sugar phosphate cleaved and removed by endonuclease lygase dna Pol replaces missing nucleotides ligase reconnects DNA strand ```

Answer 47

BER