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Test 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

teratogenic effects of valproate

A

inhibits folATE absorption> neural tube defects

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2
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Turner syndrome

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3
Q

duodenal atresia

A

Down syndrome (bilious vomiting w/out abdominal distension)

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4
Q

Potter Syndrome

A

renal agenesis

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5
Q

Atrialized right ventricle in mothers who take litheium during early pregnancy

A

ebstein’s anomaly

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6
Q

Functions of type II pneumocytes

A

regenerate alveolar lining after injury (proliferate)

surfactant production

*cover 5% of alveolar surface

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7
Q

Derived from monocytes

clear inhaled foreign particles from terminal respiratory units

A

alveolar mphages

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8
Q

pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium tapers and becomes a single ciliated cuboidal epithelium

A

respiratory bronchioles

*ciliated cells do NOT line alveolar ducts or air sacs

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9
Q

Club cells

A

secretory cells found in temrinal portions of bronchioles

*regenerative source of ciliated cells

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10
Q

Goblet cells

A

in the respiratory epithelium of bronchi and larger bronchioles

Absent from alveolar mucosa

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11
Q

Increased HR, Increased CO, increased RR to balance tissue O2 consumption and CO2

A

exercise

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12
Q

Increased HR, CO but decrease in PaO2/PaCO2 d/t hypoxemia

A

high altitude

leads to hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis

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13
Q

Decreased CO w/ compensatory tachycardia that leads to hypoxemia

A

PE

Decreased blood flow to left side of heart

Hypoxemia stimulates lung vagal receptors ischemic parenchyma leading to hyperventilatin nad respiratory alkalosis

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14
Q

Carotid sinus massage

A

reflex vagal discharge to SA node, atrial myocytes, AV node>

reduction in HR and CO

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15
Q

Panic attack

A

Raise in HR and CO via SNS stimulatuion, but hyperventilation adn respiratory alkalosis

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16
Q

High cortisol w/ low ACTH

A

Cushing syndrome adrenal adenoma

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17
Q

high cortisol and elevated ACTH levels, suppressed by HIGH dose but not LOW dose dex

A

Cushing syndrome by pituitary adenoma

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18
Q

ACTH and cortisol unchanged after high dose dex test

A

ectopic ACTH production

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19
Q

Pufferfish poisoning

A

terodotoxin

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20
Q

Binds to Na channels inhibiting Na INFLUX and preventing AP conduction

A

Tetrodotoxin (puffer fish)

Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates- red tide)

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21
Q

Paresthesias, weakness, dizziness, nausea, hx of fish consumption

A

Poisoning by puffer fish

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22
Q

Binds to Na channel and keps it OPEN causing persistent depolarization

A

Ciguatoxin (exotic fish, moray eel)

Bratrachotoxin (south american frogs)

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23
Q

person legally designated to make medical decisions in event that pt loses capacity

A

health care proxy

*proxy overrules ALL other possible surrogate decision makers including family members

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24
Q

Monitors and maintains muscle LENGTH

A

muscle spindle system

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25
monitors and maintains muscle FORCE
Golgi tendon
26
Located at the junction of muscle and tendon and innervated by 1b sensory axons
GTO
27
A-delta fibers
thin myelinated nerve fibers that detect temperature and nocicpetive stimuli *acute pain, retracts hand from stome
28
Connected in parallel w/ extrafusal fibers and innervated by group 1a and II sensory axons that are sensitive to changes in length (mediate the STRETCH reflex)
muscle spindles (intrafusal muscle fibers)
29
rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors on subcutaneous skin, mesentery, peritoneum, joint capsules
pacinian
30
SLOWLY adpating mechanoreceptors that exist in skin, subcutaenous tissue and joint capsules
Ruffinis
31
prepatellar bursitis
Housmaids knee repeated and prolonged kneeling (roofers, carpenters, plumbers) Inability to kneel on affected side
32
Anserine bursitis
pain along the medial aspect of hte knee from overuse in athletes or from chronic trauma in heavy pts
33
Impaire FA transport into the mitochondria therefore restricting ketone body production
carnitene deficiency
34
Myoglobinemia weakness following exercise elevated muscle TG hypoketonemia
Skeletal muscle CARNITINE def
35
Hypoglycemia | hypoketonemia
MCAD
36
Antibiotic that can cause dose-dependent (reversible) cytopenias and dose dependent (irreversible) aplastic anemia
Chloramphenicol
37
MOA of chloramphenicol
Blocks peptidyl transferase at 50S ribosome
38
Cause of aplastic anemia
BM failure d/t SC def (CD34)
39
Infections that cause aplastic anemia
parvo B19 | EBV
40
Drugs that cause aplastic anemia
Carbamezpine chlormaphenicol sulfonamides
41
SE of pseudomembranous colitis
Clindamycin
42
``` SE: Nephrotoxicity NM blockade Ototoxicity TEratogen ```
Gentamicin
43
Rapid administaration of this drug leads to HISTAMINE release and flushing
Vancomycin
44
AB exotoxin that RIBOSYLATES and INACTIVATES EF-2> inhibition of protein synthesis and death
Dipthera toxin
45
exotoxin that leads to degradation of lecithin
c. perfringes lecithinase> GAS GANGRENE
46
AB exotoxin > G proteins> increase cAMP> increased insulin production, lymphocyte and neutrophil dysfunction, and increased sensitivity to HISTAMINE
Pertussis toxin
47
Toxin that caues inactivation of 60s ribosomal subunit
Shigella- shiga toxin E.coli (EHEC) shiga like toxin
48
RF via antigenic mimicry
Group A strep
49
Myobacteria that grows as SERPENTINE cords on enriched media secondary to presence of cord factor (mycoside)
Virulent myobacteria
50
Cord factor
Mycoside present in virulent strains. INHBITS mphage maturation and induces release of TNF-alpha.
51
acid fastness
common to ALL mycolic acid containing bacteria *myobacteriuma nd nocardia
52
Sulfatides
(surface glycolipids) Inhibit fusion of lysosomes to phagosomes permitting myobacteria to persist as facultative intracellular organisms w/in phagocytes
53
4 yo w/ difficulty walking (cerebellar ataxia) and frequent respiratory infections has cells that have a high rate of radiation induced genetic mutation.
Ataxia telangiectasia
54
Ataxia Telangiectasia
AR disorder from defect in DNA repair genes DNA is HYPERSENSITIVT to ionizing radiation
55
abnormal dilations of capillary vessels
telangiectasias
56
neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex
Alzheimer
57
Loss of neurons in the SN, presence of Lewy Bodys
Parkinsons
58
Atorphy of caudate nucleus
Huntingtons
59
Posterior column involvement
B12 def | syphillis
60
Increase in number of trinucleotide repeasts in FMR1 gene on X chromosome
Fragile X syndrome

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