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Test 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Channeling unacceptable impulses into productive activity

A

altruism

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2
Q

excessive or opposite reaction

A

reaction formation

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3
Q

MCC of opportunistic mycosis

A

Candida albicans (part of normal skin/mucous membrane flora)

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4
Q

Yeast, pseudohyphae and a positive GERM TUBE TEST (tennis rackets). Innoculated at 37 (98.6)

A

Candida

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5
Q

Causes meningitis and lung infections in Aids pts. OVAL BUDDING YEAST WITH THICK CAPSULE. India ink stain w/ clear zone around nucleus.

A

Cryptococcus Neoformas

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6
Q

Oval yeasts cells HIDING in mphages. Mississippi and Ohio River Valles.

A

HISTO HIDES in mphages

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7
Q

Southwestern US and california. Spherules filled w/ endospores.

A

Coccidioides

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8
Q

Elevated pulmonary wedge pressure, pulmonary HTN, decreased vascular compliance, right ventricular dilation, functional tricuspid regurge.

A

Mitral stenosis

Diastolic pressure in LV is usually normal or decreased w/ mitral stenosis

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9
Q

What mediates immunity to myobacterium TB?

A

Th1 cells leads mphage mediated immunity and drive granuloma formation

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10
Q

cytokines cytokines critical in formation and maintenance of granulomas

A

IFN-y
IL-12
TNF-a

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11
Q

Formed after tissue mphages encounter pathogens/substances that can’t be easily digested/removed

A

granulomas

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12
Q

IL-12

A

induces T helper cells to differentiate to TH1

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13
Q

IFNy

A

activates mphages

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14
Q

C3a

A

Stimulates mast cell histamine release leading to increased vascular permeability/vasodilation

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15
Q

IL-4

A

Th to Th-2

B cell growth and isotype switching

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16
Q

IL-5

A

differentiation of B cells and eosinophils

Isotype switching to IgA

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17
Q

LC4, D4, ER

A

vasoconstriction
increased vascular permeability
bronchospasm

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18
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

platelet aggregation
vasoconstriction
bronchoconstriction
leukocyte adhesion

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19
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor

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20
Q

Glucose sensor in pancreatic beta cells

A

Glucokinase–high km> senses high levels of glucose

*inactivation mutations can lead to mild hyperglycemia exacerbated by pregnancy

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21
Q

Converts glucose to glu-6-p in pancreas/liver

A

glucokinase

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22
Q

Allosteric inhibition of glucokinase

A

glu-6-+

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23
Q

MODY enzyme

A

glucokinase defects

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24
Q

What type of twin placentation is most likely present with twins, male and female?

A

Dichorionic/diamnionic

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25
Fertilization of 2 oocytes by 2 different sperm
Dizygotic twins *always have 2 amnions and 2 chorions
26
Monozygotic twins
fertilization of single oocyte *twinning can occur at different stages of embryogenesis which affects fetal membranes
27
Monozygotic twinning (day 0-4)
dichorionic/diamnionic
28
Monozygotic twinning (day4-8)
Monochorionic | Diamniotic
29
Monozygotic twinning (day 8-12)
monochorionic | monoamniotic
30
Monozygotic twinning (>13d)
monochorionic monoamniotic conjoined twins
31
Bilateral cleft lip, microencephaly, micropthalamus. Viscera protrude through abdominal wall.
Trisomy 13
32
cause of Trisomy 13
nondisjunction during maternal meiosis I associated w/ advanced maternal age
33
GI abnormalities associated w/ trisomy 18
Meckel's and malrotation
34
GI abnormalities associated w/ trisomy 21
Duodenal atresia | TE fistula
35
47XXX
Clinicall silent | woman may have slightly lower IQ scores
36
47XXY
Klinefelter syndrome mild mental retardation or normal.
37
male adult w/ gynecomastia, small testis, infertility
Linefelter
38
47XYY
Tall stature, severe acne, mild delays in both motor and language development. Phenotypically normal.
39
Calcium efflux prior to myocyte relaxation
Na/Ca exchange mechanisms + Ca ATPase
40
Electrical depolarizaiton of cell allows Ca from extracelular flulid to enter cell through..
Voltage dependent Ca channels> begins contraction cycle
41
Ryanodine receptors
Ca allowed into cell by VG channels stimualtes RR to allow release of larger pool of Ca stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum
42
Troponin C
Ca released from sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin C> | tropomyosin moves out of way so actin and myosin can interact and myocardial cell contracts
43
calmodulin
binds and activates plasma membrane Ca ATPase> removes Ca from cell by hydrolyzing ATP (indirect contributor to efflux)
44
Unsloping left atrial "v wave" during cardiac catheterization
mitral regurgitation *sign of increased LA filling
45
Elevated LV diastolic pressure and decreased aortic pressure
aortic regurgitation
46
LV systolic pressure much higher than aortic systolic pressure
aortic stenosis
47
Ascites, increased JVD and peirpheral edema
RHF (can be assoc. w/ tricuspid regurge)
48
CO formulas
``` CO= SV x HR CO= O2 consumption? ateriovenous O2 difference ```
49
React w/ a3 chain of collagen type IV in GBM
anti-GBM antibodies seen in Goodpasture syndrome
50
Pulmonary hemorrhages (hemoptysis and RPGN)
Goodpasture
51
Glomerular crescent formation consisting of fibrin and plasma proteins (C3b)
RPGN
52
Immunofluorescene of RPGN
linear deposits of IgG and C2 along GBM
53
Basement membrane splitting
Alport syndrome and MPGN type 1 (HPV, HCV)
54
Diffuse capillary and GBM wall thickening
Membranous glomerulopathy
55
Nonspecific IgM and C2 deposits in sclerotic areas of glomeruli
FSGS
56
Children + nephrotic syndrome+ Normal glomeruli
MCD *recent infection
57
2,3 biosphosphoglycerate
Increase w/in erythrocytes to increase O2 delivery to perhipheral tissues in presence of lower blood O2 concentration. 2,3-BPG decreases affinity of Hb for O2
58
Lab results associated w/ strongloides stercoralis infeciton
rhabditiform (noninfectious) larvae in stool
59
Skin penetration by filariform (infectious) larva)> hyperinfection syndrome characterized by massive dissemination of organism> multiorgan dysfunction and septic shock
Strongloides sterocoralis
60
Trophozoites and cysts
Protozoal infections from giardia or entamoeba

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