AP World- Chap 23 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What caused Latin America revolution?
- Napoleon’s decision to invade Portugal and Spain caused a crisis of legitimacy
- King Ferdinand VII of Spain gave up his throne for Napoleon’s brother, Joseph
Junta Central
- political body created by Spanish patriots
- claimed authority over Spain’s colonies and invited the election of colonial deputies to help write constitution
Spanish Loyalists and Junta Central
- did not want Junta Central
- said they were subjects of the king and wanted to create local juntas& govern their own affairs until Ferdinand regained throne
- provoked uprisings
1811, Caracas (Venezuela)
- revolutionary junta led by creole declared independence
- democracy but led by landowners who defended slavery and opposed full citizenship to black and mix race
- want to expand privileges by getting Spaniards out of upper levels of gov’t and church
Simon Bolivar
- leader, charismatic
- wealthy
- used to oppose abolition of slavery but agreed to support in order to gain supplies from Hati
- tried to create a confederation of the former Spanish colonies
Mexico (1810)
- most populous and wealthiest colony
- a lot of Spanish immigrants
- conservatives overthrew local viceroy b/c he was too sympathetic to the creole (heard about Napoleon)
First Stage of Mexican Revolution against Spain
- occurred in central Mexico
- ranchers and farmers forced Amerindian communities from traditional agricultural lands → crop failures, epidemics → higher food prices, rising unemployment
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (Sept. 16 1810)
- urged people to rise up against the oppression of Spanish officials
- oppressors: Spanish and colonial born whites who owned the ranches and mines
- captured and execute in 1811
Jose Maria Morelos
- continued revolution after execution of Costilla
- 1813: convened a congress that declared independence and drafted a constitution
- 1815: defeated by loyalists and was executed
Colonel Agustin de Iturbide
- with other loyalist commanders, they forged an alliance with insurgents to declare Mexico’s independence
- were about to create a monarchical government and make him emperor
1820s (BRAZIL)
Spanish colonies along Brazil’s border experienced 10 years of revolution and some (Argentina and Paraguay) gained independence (Brazilians are starting to second think about the relationship between Brazil & Portugal)
1822
- Pedro I declares Brazil independent not wanting to return to Portugal and committed to maintain his family’s hold on Brazil
- neighbors were constitutional republic, BUT Brazil was a constitutional monarchy with Pedro as emperor
Pedro as emperor
- committed to monarchy and liberal principles
- opposed slavery
- 1831: ratify a treaty with Great Britain, ended Brazilian participation in the slave trade and provoked opposition
- abdicated throne in 1831 and assumed full powers as emperor of Brazil after nine years before he was overthrown by republicans in 1889
Constitutional
- believed careful description of political powers in written constitution offered the best protection for individual rights
- many proved unworkable
Confederation of 1867
- negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial gov’t
- creation of the Dominion of Canada with central government in Ottawa
Problems of creating constitution in south
- hadn’t permitted anything like the elected legislatures and municipal governments of colonial British America
- Latin American constitutions were less constrained by practical political experience, experimented with untested political institutions
- difficult to define role of Catholic Church after indepen.
Personalist Leaders
- political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws
- ex. Andrew Jackson and Jose Antonio Paez (Venezuela)
Jose Antonio Paez
- general of Bolivar
- did not want to accept the constitutional authority of Bolivar gov’t in distant Bogota
- declared Venezuela’s independence from Gran Colombia in 1829
What do wars determine
national borders, access to natural resources, control of markets in Western Hemisphere
Foreign Intervention and Regional Wars
wars with foreign powers and neighboring states endangered the independence and national borders of many western Hemisphere nations
Tecumseh
- Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers
- became ally of British in War of 1812
abolitionist
men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery
Abolition of Slavery in Brazil (1888)
- after abolition in US
- many slaves joined the army in exchange for freedom during Brazil’s war with Paraguay
- patriotism and heroism convinced many of the injustice of slavery
- 1889: Brazilian monarchy ended
Abolition of Slavery in Caribbean
- little support for abolition after what happened in Saint Domingue
- after 1800: sugar plantation profits decreased and push for abolition increased
