AP World- Chapter 5

Question 1

Republic (506 - 31 BCE)

Answer 1

• period during which Rome was governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate
• power resided in an Assembly of male citizens where the rich counted more

Question 2

Senate

Answer 2

• council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families
• originally an advisory body to the early kings
• under its leadership, Rome conquered a large empire

Question 3

Conflict of the Orders

Answer 3

• conflict between elite “patricians” and plebeians

- caused by inequalities, which was accepted and institutionalized

Question 4

patron/ client relationship

Answer 4

social relationship in which the patron- wealthy and powerful- provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients- of lesser status- in return the clients supported the political careers ad economic interests of their patron

Question 5

Roman women

Answer 5

• less constrained than the Greeks

- gained greater personal protection and economic freedom

Question 6

expansion

Answer 6

• expansion reached a peak in 3rd and 2nd C BCE
• caused by greed and aggressiveness, defense, or because the structure of state encouraged war
• consuls only had 1 year in office to gain military glory

Question 7

army

Answer 7

• all male citizens owning a specified amount of land were subject to service
• battle line was more flexible than the phalanx, being subdivided into units

Question 8

treatment to conquered peoples

Answer 8

often granted some or all the political, legal, and economic privileges to conquered people

Question 9

rise to power

Answer 9

between 264 and 202 BCE Rome fought two wars against the Carthaginians and emerged as the unchallenged master of the western Mediterranean

Question 10

failure of the republic

Answer 10

• success in creating vast empire destroyed the gov’t
• wealth from wars ended up in the hands of upper class
• investors took over farms of those on military services, focused on growing crops for profit, dependent on expensive imported grain
• some individuals used troops to increase power

Question 11

The Roman Principate (31 - 330 BCE)

Answer 11

• period after the Republic
• used to characterize Roman’t in the first three centuries, based on the title of princeps “first among citizens”
• used by Augustus/ Octavian instead of military dictator
• emperor became a major source of new laws

Question 12

equites

Answer 12

• prosperous landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy
• allied with Augustus to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and staff imperial civil service

Question 13

pax romana “Roman peace”

Answer 13

• connoted the ability and prosperity that Roman rue brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in first 2 centuries BCE
• mov’t of people and trade goods along roads and safe seas allowed the spread of cultural practices, religious ideas, and technologies

Question 14

Romanization

Answer 14

process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces

Question 15

Emperor Caracalla

Answer 15

granted citizenship to all free, adult, male inhabitants in 212 BCE

Question 16

Christianity in Rome

Answer 16

• Jewish homeland of Judea came under direct Roman rule in 6 CE
• belief in one god provoked opposition to Roman rule

Question 17

Jesus

Answer 17

• Jew from northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices
• executed as a revolutionary
• became central figure in Christianity

Question 18

Paul

Answer 18

• Jew from Tarsus who initially opposed Jesus but after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian
• traveled through Rome saying that anyone could become a Christian, separated it from Judaism

Question 19

aqueducts

Answer 19

conduit, either elevated or underground, that used gravity to carry water to a city

Question 20

Third Century Crisis

Answer 20

term for political, military, and economic turmoil (frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers)

Question 21

Diocletian

Answer 21

• restored order by specifying max prices (to halt inflation) and divided the empire into two in 284 CE
• western half fell due to civil unrest, invasions, decline of loyalty, and moving capital to Byzantium

Question 22

Constantinople

Answer 22

• Roman emperor who united the empire

- moved capital to Constantinople and made Christianity the official religion of the empire

Question 23

Qin Empire (221 - 206 BCE)

Answer 23

emerged as winner of Warring States Period due to its toughness and military preparedness (accustomed to defending itself against neighbors), adoption of sever Legalist methods, ambition of a ruthless and energetic king

Question 24

Shi Huangdi

Answer 24

• founder of Qin Empire
• ruthless conquest of rival states, standardization of practices (unified China), forcible organization of labor for military tasks
• tomb of terracotta soldiers
• abolished primogeniture

Question 25

primogeniture

Answer 25

right of the eldest son to inherit all the landed property

Question 26

Legalists

Answer 26

- viewed Confucian expectations of benevolent and nonviolent conduct from rulers as an intolerable check on the gov't absolute power - burned many Confucian books

Question 27

Xiongnu

Answer 27

- confederacy of nomads when their way of life was threatened - formed when Huangdi secured the northern border against nomadic raids by building a wall (later Great Wall)

Question 28

Han (202 BCE - 220 CE)

Answer 28

- emperors focused on agriculture to recover economy - expansion of Emperor Wu led to Silk Road - adopted Confucianism as official ideology of the imperial system - census, instilled loyalty, obedience, respect

Question 29

Gaozu / Liu Bang

Answer 29

- one of the rebel leaders who brought down the Qin - gained popularity by denouncing the harshness of the Qin, but still used some policies on far flung territories - appeased Xiongnu by giving them annual gifts

Question 30

Emperor Wu

Answer 30

- did much to increase the power of emperor - launched military operations south and north - abandoned policy of appeasing Xiongnu, led to bitter and costly fighting with the nomads - dispatched forces to explore and conquer territories northwest of the heartland

Question 31

women in Han China

Answer 31

- status depended on her location within social institution - women of royal family could be influential - Ban Zhao's "Lessons for Women" urged women to conform to traditional expectations by obeying males

Question 32

Chang'an

Answer 32

- city in the Wei valley in eastern China | - became capital of Qin and early Han empires

Question 33

gentry

Answer 33

- class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel - became privileged group and made gov't more efficient and responsive

Question 34

Sima Qian

Answer 34

- chief astrologer of Emperor Wu | - father of history

Question 35

Wang Mang

Answer 35

- seized power in the first century CE - implemented major reforms to address economic problems and to cement his popularity - limited size f estates of the rich

Question 36

decline of the Han

Answer 36

- cataclysmic flood caused many deaths - imperial court was frequently plagued by weak leadership and court intrigue - military vigilance along frontier burdened finances

Question 37

fall of the Han

Answer 37

- China entered a period of political fragmentation | - many fled to the Yangzi River Valley, which became the new center of gravity for Chinese civilization