Chemistry- Organic Chemistry

Question 1

organic compounds

Answer 1

covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides

Question 2

catenation

Answer 2

the covalent bonding of an element to itself to form chains and rings

Question 3

hydrocarbons

Answer 3

• compounds of only carbon and hydrogen
• simplest organic compounds
• often contain O, N, S, and halogens

Question 4

isomers

Answer 4

• compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures
• have different properties due to different arrangement

Question 5

structural formula

Answer 5

indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule and the bonding arrangement of the atoms

Question 6

structural/ constitutional isomer

Answer 6

substances that have identical molecular formula but different structural formulas

Question 7

geometric isomers

Answer 7

• often contain a double bond

- isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different

Question 8

cis

Answer 8

atoms or groups of atoms are on the same side of the double bond

Question 9

trans

Answer 9

atoms or groups of atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond

Question 10

saturated

Answer 10

• compound containing only carbon-carbon single bonds

- difficult to break down

Question 11

unsaturated

Answer 11

compound containing at least one double or triple carbon-carbon bond

Question 12

molecular formula

Answer 12

• shows the number of atoms of each element present

- ex. CH4 (methane)

Question 13

stereochemical formula

Answer 13

shows molecule in 3-D

Question 14

condensed structural formula

Answer 14

• hybrid of molecular and structural formulas

- ex. CH3CH3 (C2H6)

Question 15

skeletal/ bond line

Answer 15

abbreviated way to draw organic compounds

Question 16

alkanes

Answer 16

saturated hydrocarbons with all single bonds

Question 17

alkenes

Answer 17

• unsaturated hydrocarbon with one carbon-carbon double bond
• ends with “-ENE”

Question 18

alkynes

Answer 18

unsaturated hydrocarbon with one carbon-carbon triple bond

- ends with “-YNE”

Question 19

naming alkanes

Answer 19

• count # of carbons in the longest, continuous chain
• use Table P to find appropriate prefix
• end with -ANE

Question 20

functional group

Answer 20

• any atom or group of atoms that is not part of the parent structure
• primarily responsible for the properties of a molecule

Question 21

halides

Answer 21

• one or more halogen atoms are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms
• fluoro, chloro, iodo, bromo

Question 22

naming halides

Answer 22

• must have a locator number

- add the correct prefix (of halogen and # of carbon)

Question 23

naming alcohols

Answer 23

• drop the “e” and add “-OL”

- must have a locator

Question 24

ethers

Answer 24

two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same oxygen atom

Question 25

naming ethers

Answer 25

- does not need a locator - count the shorter one first and end both with "-yl" - end the name with ether

Question 26

aldehydes

Answer 26

carbonyl group (double bond with oxygen) is attached to a carbon atom at the end

Question 27

naming aldehydes

Answer 27

- name parent chain | - drop the "e" and replace with "-AL"

Question 28

ketones

Answer 28

have a non-terminal carbonyl group

Question 29

naming ketones

Answer 29

- name parent chain (# of carbons) - drop the "e" and use "-ONE" - use locator number

Question 30

organic acids

Answer 30

have a terminal carboxyl (COO) group

Question 31

naming organic acids

Answer 31

- name parent chain - drop "e" and replace with "-OIC ACID" - no locator number necessary

Question 32

esters

Answer 32

contains a carboxyl group that is NOT terminal

Question 33

naming esters

Answer 33

- locate COO - first name part bonded to oxygen (-YL) - then name part double bonded to oxygen (include the carbon bonded to oxygen) and end with "-OATE"

Question 34

amines

Answer 34

contains a nitrogen atom

Question 35

naming amines

Answer 35

- name parent chain - drop "e" and replace with "-AMINE) - use locator

Question 36

amides

Answer 36

contains a terminal carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom

Question 37

naming amides

Answer 37

- name parent chain | - drop "e" and replace with "-AMIDE"

Question 38

naming organic molecule without functional group

Answer 38

- determine prefix by counting carbons | - if it is unsaturated, include location

Question 39

naming "branched" hydrocarbons

Answer 39

- count number of carbons in the longest carbon chain (root of the name) - name the functional group using "-YL" - use locator number - ex. 2-methyl butane

Question 40

alkyl groups

Answer 40

- smaller carbon chains that stick out from the parent chain | - missing one hydrogen atom and ends with "-YL"

Question 41

naming cyclical compounds

Answer 41

- count the carbons in the ring and add prefix "CYCLO-" | - identify the location of the functional group if there is more than one present

Question 42

benzene

Answer 42

- pi electrons (two electrons in each double bond) are delocalized - they are shared between all the carbon atoms in the structure

Question 43

substitution reaction

Answer 43

- one or more atoms replace another in a molecule - between alkane (single bonds) and halogen/ hydrogen - occurs in multiple steps

Question 44

addition reaction

Answer 44

- hydrogen or halogen is added across a double or triple bond - only works with unsaturated hydrocarbons - increases molecule's saturation

Question 45

hydrogenation

Answer 45

- type of additional reaction | - hydrogen is added to an unsaturated molecule

Question 46

condensation/ esterification reaction

Answer 46

- reaction between alcohol and organic acid resulting in the formation of an ester - H from alcohol is taken and OH from organic acid is taken out

Question 47

elimination reaction

Answer 47

- a simple molecule such as water or ammonia is formed from adjacent carbon atoms of a larger molecule - opposite of addition reaction - saturated to unsaturated

Question 48

combustion

Answer 48

- reaction where one of the reactants is oxygen | - often associated with burning

Question 49

complete combustion

Answer 49

- oxygen is in excess | - creates water and carbon dioxide

Question 50

incomplete combustion

Answer 50

- oxygen is limited | - creates water and carbon monoxide

Question 51

fermentation

Answer 51

chemical process in which yeast breaks down sugar into CO2 and ethanol

Question 52

saponification

Answer 52

soap and glycerol is made by reacting fatty acids (fats) with a strong base (NAOH/KOH)

Question 53

polymers

Answer 53

large molecules made of many small units joined to each other through organic reactions

Question 54

monomer

Answer 54

- simple | - small units that make up a polymer

Question 55

copolymer

Answer 55

polymer made from two or more different monomers

Question 56

addition polymers

Answer 56

- formed by addition reactions between monomers that contain a double bond - "n" means that it is repeated indefinitely

Question 57

condensation polymers

Answer 57

- formed by condensation/dehydration reactions - monomers must contain two functional groups - usually copolymers with two monomers in alternating order - must have function groups with -OH