Growth
The process in which living things increase in size and number
Ex. Zygote formation and bone growth
Biology
Study of life
Regulation
Coordinated response used to help maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
Respiration
The process of releasing stored energy from nutrients
ATP
Adenasine tiphosphide
Synthesis
The ability of an organism to combine simple substances into complex substances
Dehydration synthesis
Loss of water, building of complex substances from simple substances
Nutrition
Process in which an organism takes in and breaks down food
Autotrophic
Produce their own food using carbon dioxide and water
Heterotrophic
Organisms require outside sources to obtain nutrients
Egestion
Removal of waste from food
Excretion
The removal of metabolic waste
Ex. Sweat, urine, carbon dioxide
Reproduction
The process in which living things produce organisms after their own kind
Sexual reproduction
Two parents required (unique)
Asexual reproduction
One parent required (organisms are genetically identical to the parent)
Transport
The process in which nutrients are carried across cell membranes or distributed within and organism
Ex. Human circulatory system
Virus
- grow, synthesize and reproduce
- obligate intercellular parasites
- must use the resource within another living thing in order to survive
Spontaneous generation
The belief that living things can be produced from non- living things
Francesco Redi
- opposed the idea of spontaneous generation
- in 1668, conducted an experiment that set out to disprove the belief
Four steps of the scientific method
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Conclusion
Observation
Noting a specific phenomenon taking place
Hypothesis
Educated guess
Experiment
Tests the hypothesis and data is collected. Results will either support or disprove the hypothesis
Control
Regular standard and is compared to the variable group
Ex. Jar without the covering
Variable
The group that is exposed to experimental manipulation
Independent Variable
The changes within the experiment
Dependent variable
What is measured or observed to see if the hypothesis is supported or not
Ex, # of maggots on the meat
Constants
Conditions in experiments that must be kept in identical conditions in order to ensure accuracy
Ex. Same jar, temperature, duration
Classification
- Aristotle (4th century BC Greek philosopher)
- divided organisms into two groups- plants and animals
- divided animals into 3 groups based upon how they moved (walking, flying, swimming)
Carlos Linnaeus
- 18th century Swedish scientist
- born Carl van Linne (Latinized his name)
- classified plants and animals according to their similarities of form
- divided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called “genera” and then into even smaller ones called species
Taxonomists
Scientists that name new species
Dichotomous key
A sequence of steps that allow the identification of a living thing
System of Naming
- called binomial nomenclature
- genus: capitalized
- species: lower case
Polymerization
Assists in building micromolecules to macromolecules
Occurs via dehydration synthesis
Mass number
Protons& neutrons
Atomic number
Protons& electrons
Electronegativity
Ability of an atom to obtain electrons to fill its shells
Electronegativity Trend
Increases as you go from left to right and up
Ionic Bonds
Bonds formed between atoms with different electronegativity
Catons (+)
Loss of an electron
Anions (-)
Gain of an electron
Covalent Bonds
Formed between atoms of like electronegativities
Atoms share electrons
Water
- colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid
- has three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas
- living organisms contain 60- 90% water
Chemistry of water
- oxygen is more electronegativity than hydrogen
- oxygen will not share its electronegativity equally with hydrogen due to differences in electronegativity
- a polar bond exists
Hydrogen bonding
- exists between one water molecule and its neighboring water molecule
- each water molecule can form a maximum of 4 bonds with its neighbors
Intermolecular Forces
- inner (Latin for between)
- interactive forces between one water molecule and another
Intramolecular Forces
- Intra (Latin for within)
- interactive forces within the water molecule
Cohesion
- intermolecular attraction between like molecules
- water molecules stick to themselves
Adhesion
- the clinging of one substance to another
- water molecules sticking to a surface
- counters the downward fall of gravity
Surface Tension
Property of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to the cohesive nature of water molecules
Specific heat
The amount of best absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature 1 degree Celsius
pH
The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
Stands for potentia hydrogenii (Latin) and translated potential of hydrogen
Acid
- any chemical compound that when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH less than 7.0
- often taste sour
- leaves a burning sensation
- blue litmus paper will turn red
- doesn’t change the color of phenolphthalein (remains colorless)
Base (Alkaline)
- a substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions (raise the pH)
- high concentration of hydroxide ions (-OH)
- bitter taste
- slippery and soapy on fingers
- red litmus will turn blue
- phenolphthalein will turn pink
Neutral solution
A neutral solution has a balance of hydrogen ions and hydronium ions
Litmus paper
- Allows an observer to assess a sample’s pH
- test acidity: blue litmus paper
- test alkalinity: use red litmus paper
Phenolphthalein
- a chemical compound used to determine pH
- colorless: pH is below 8
- fuchsia: pH is above 10
- bright orange color: pH is below 0
pH meter
Handheld device that tests water for its level of acidity versus base or alkalinity