Pathak- Animal Reproduction Flashcards
(90 cards)
0
Q
Eggs
A
- Large, non motile cells containing substantial food reserved
- produced by females
1
Q
Dioecious
A
- individual is either male or female
- sexes are defined by the type of gamete each produces
2
Q
Sperm
A
- small, motile
- have almost no cytoplasm
- produced by males
3
Q
Monoecious
A
- single individuals produce sperm and egg
- reproduction involved a mutual exchange of sperm between individuals
- worm, snail
- if necessary, individuals can fertilize their own eggs
4
Q
Hermaphrodites
A
Individuals that produce sperm and eggs
5
Q
External fertilization
A
- usually happens underwater
- union of the sperm and eggs takes place outside the body
6
Q
Spawning
A
- parents release sperm and eggs into the water
- Sperm swim through the water to reach an egg
- must be synchronized (temporally- at same time, spatially- at same place)
7
Q
Grunion
A
Fish that regulate their reproductive rituals by the season, time of day, phase of moon
8
Q
Pheromones
A
- chemical release when a female is ready to spawn
- female releases egg and this chemical and males release sperm
- affects the behavior of other animals
- sluggish, immobile animals
9
Q
Amplexus
A
- mating pose between frog
- male frog mounts the female and prods her on her side
- stimulates the release of eggs
- male frog immediately fertilized the eggs by releasing a cloud of sperm above them
10
Q
Internal fertilization
A
- important adaptation to terrestrial life
- sperm are taken into the body of the female
11
Q
Copulation
A
The behavior in which the male deposits sperm directly into the female reproductive tract
12
Q
Spermatophore
A
A container in which males of some species store their sperm in
13
Q
Ovulation
A
- Release of egg cell from the ovary
- in some animals (rabbits) copulation triggers ovulation
14
Q
Gonad
A
Paired organs that produce sex cells (Soren and eggs)
15
Q
Testes
A
- central structures of the male reproductive tract
- gonads that produce sperm
16
Q
Scrotum
A
- pouch that hangs outside the main body cavity
- where the testes are located
17
Q
Seminiferous tubules
A
- coiled, hollow tubules
- where sperm are produced
- located in the testes
18
Q
Interstitial Cells
A
- Spaces between the tubules
- synthesize the male hormone testosterone
19
Q
Soermatogonia
A
- Diploid cells from which spermatozoa eventually arises in the wall of each seminiferous tubule
- undifferentiated male sperm
20
Q
Sertoli Cells
A
- in the spermatogonia
- large cell that regulates spermatogonia is and nourishes the developing cell
- moves up from the outer edge seminiferous tubule to the central cavity of the tubule throughout spermatogenesis
- spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids are embedded in the infoldings
21
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
- production of Soren by the process of meiosis followed by differentiation
22
Q
After meiosis 1
A
- secondary spermatocyte (haploid)
- secondary oocytes, polar bodies
23
Q
After meiosis 2
A
- spermatids
24
Spermatids
Undergo radical rearrangements of their cellular components as they differentiate into sperm
25
Head of a sperm
- haploid nucleus fills nearly the entire thing
| - little cytoplasm
26
Acrosome
- top of the nucleus
| - contains enzymes that will be needed to dissolve protective layers around the egg
27
Midpiece
- behind the head
| - filled with mitochondria
28
Tail
- long flagellum
| - propel the sperm through the female reproductive tract
29
Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates anterior pituitary to produce luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
30
LH and FSH
- LH stimulates the production of testosterone
| - FSH with testosterone causes spermatogenesis
31
Epididymis
Single continuous, folded tube formed by the seminiferous tubules merging
32
Vas deferents
- joins urethra
| - connects bladder to tip of penis
33
Semen
- fluid ejaculated from the penis, consists of sperm mixed with secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
- secretion activate swimming by the sperm, provide energy
34
Ovary
Paired gonads of females
35
Oogenesis
- formation of egg
- begins in the developing ovaries of a female fetus
- starts with the formation of the precursor egg cells (OOGONIA)
- meiosis begins in all primary oocytes but is stopped at prophase of meiosis 1
36
Fetus
An embryo that is sufficiently developed to be recognizably human
37
Oocyte
- immature egg cell
| - surrounded by a layer of much smaller cells that nourish it and secrete female sex hormone
38
Follicle
Made up of the oocyte and accessory cells
39
Oviduct
- tube leading out the ovary
- where sperm and egg meet
- where fertilization occurs
40
Corpus luteum
- secretes estrogen and progesterone
| - breaks down if fertilization does not occur
41
Accessory structure of the female reproductive system
Oviduct, uterus, ovary
42
Fimbriae
- ciliates fingers that fringe the open end of the oviduct
| - create a current that sweep the egg into the mouth of the oviduct
43
Zygote
- fertilized egg
- is swept down the oviduct and released into the uterus
- develops there for 9 months
44
Endometrium
- inner lining of the uterus
- richly supplied with blood vessels
- forms the mother contribution to the placenta
45
Placenta
Structure that transfers oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes between fetus and mother
46
Myometrium
- outer muscular wall of the uterus
| - contracts strongly during delivery
47
Estrogen
- stimulates the uterine lining to grow an extensive network of blood vessels and nutrient producing glands
- secreted by developing follicles
48
Menstruation
The flow of tissue and blood caused by the uterus squeezing out the excess endometrial tissue
49
Cervix
- closed off the outer end of the uterus
- ring of connective tissue
- holds a developing baby in the uterus, expanding only during labor to permit the passage of the child
50
Vagina
- beyond the cervix
- opens to the outside of the body
- receptacle for the penis during intercourse
- serves as birth canal as well
51
Erection
- arterioles dilate and blood flows into spaces in the tissue within the or is
- veins that drain the or is are squeezed off
52
Ejaculation
Occurs when muscles encircling the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra contract, forcing semen out
53
Labia
- External parts of the female reproductive tract
| - paired folds of skin known as labia minor and labia major
54
Clitoris
- Rounded projection
| - derived from the same embryo logical tissue as the tip of the penis
55
Corona radiata
- follicle cells that surround the egg before it leaves the ovary
- form a barrier between the Soren and egg
56
Zona pellucida
Second barrier that is jellylike and lies between the corona radiata and the egg
57
Sperm contacts Egg
- releases enzymes to weaken the two barriers
- when sperm contacts the surface of the egg, the PLASMA MEMBRANE of the egg and SPERM fuse
- Sperm head enters the cytoplasm
- vesicles release chemical into the zona pellucida to prevent further sperm from entering
- egg undergoes Meiosis 2, producing a haploid gamete
- haploid nuclei fuse, forming a diploid nucleus
58
Artificial insemination
- large quantity of semen is injected directly into the oviduct
- used when a man produces not enough semen
59
Gonorrhea
- bacterial infection
- infection of genital and urinary tract
- inflammation of urethra
- may cause infertility
- most common
60
Syphilis
- bacterial infection
- bacteria enters the mucous membranes of the genitals, lips, anus, and breasts
- may damage many organs if untreated
61
Chlamydia
- bacteria infection
- inflammation of the urethra (males) urethra and cervix (female)
- may cause infertility
62
AIDS
- viral infection
- attacks immune system, leaving victim vulnerable to multiple infections
- AZT drug to prolong life
- in curable
63
Genital herpes
- viral infection
- blisters
- virus never leaves the body
64
Genital warts
- viral infection
- growth of bumps on the external genitaliae
- HPV
65
Trichomoniasis
- protists and arthropod infection
| - protists that colonized the mucous membranes that line the urinary tract and genitals
66
Crab/ Pubic lice
- Arachnids
- live and lay eggs in pubic hair
- causes itching
67
Blastocyst
- hollow ball of cell
| - developed 1 week after fertilization
68
Inner cell mass
- thickened region of the blastocyst
| - becomes the embryo
69
Implantation
Process in which the sticky outerball will adhere to the uterus and burrow into the endometrium
70
Contraception
Prevention of pregnancy
71
Sterilization
Pathways through which sperm or egg must travel are interrupted
72
Vasectomy
The vas deferens leading from each testes are severed
73
Tubal ligation
Cutting a woman's oviduct
74
Birth control pill
- contain synthetic hormones resembling progesterone
- prevent ovulation
- negative feedback
75
Diaphragm and Cervical cap
- rubber caps that fit over the cervix
| - prevents sperm from entering the uterus
76
Condom
- worn over the penis
| - prevents sperm from being deposited in the vagina
77
Withdrawal
Removal of the penis just before ejaculation
78
Douching
Washing sperm out
79
Rhythm Method
Abstinence from intercourse during the ovulation period
80
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Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Morning After Pill
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Prevent the blastocyst from implanting in the uterus
81
Abortion
- dilating the cervix and removing the embryo and placenta by suction
- OR induced by drugs such as RU-486
82
Blastopore
- An indentation that forms on one side of the blastula
| - blastula cells migrate through this
83
Ectoderm
Nervous system, skin, hair, glands, lining of mouth and nose, ear
84
Mesoderm
- Muscle, skeleton, gonads, circulatory system, outer layers of digestive and respiratory system
- skeleton (including the notochord)
85
Endoderm
Lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, liver, pancreas
86
Induction
A process where the developmental fate of most of the embryo's cells is determined by chemical messages received from other cells
87
Week 4
- heart beats
- arm buds
- tail
- gill grooves
88
Week 5
- eye parts (lens, retina)
- leg buds
- brain enlarges
89
Week 6
- webbed fingers
- external ear form
- pigment appears in retina
- tail and gill grooves disappear
