AP World- Chapter 12 Flashcards
(18 cards)
rise of the Mongols (1200 - 1260)
- pastoral nomads of the European steppes
- decision making was public
- council with representatives from powerful families ratified the decisions of the leader (khan)
- free to leave anytime
women’s role
- played important roles
- wives and mothers of rulers managed state affairs during the time between ruler’s death and selection of a successor
religion
families often included believers in two or more religions, usually Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam
Mongol Conquests (1215 - 1283)
- Genghis Khan (1206) conquered China (Jin- 1215) and Central Asia (1221)
- used various tricks to confuse his enemy
- adopted new weapons and technologies used by his enemies
Ogadai/ Great Khan
- completed quest of northern China
- invaded Korea
- leveled the Russian city of Kiev
- focused westward
four khanates
- Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia and China)
- Chagatai (Central Asia)
- Ilkhanate (Persia): became Muslims
- Golden Horde (Russia): became Muslims
Mongol Peace (mid 1200 - mid 1300)
- guaranteed safe passage of trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries
- trade between Europe and Asia were very active
- exchange also spread disease- bubonic plague (1300s)
Ilkhanate Khanate
- by 1260 it controlled Iran, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and parts of Armenia
- gradually came to appreciate the culture of the Muslim territories but still used tax farming
- with Timurids, Iran and Central Asia experienced a flowering of Islamic culture
Golden Horde
ruled an indigenous Muslim population
clash between Mongols and Islam
- Muslims abhorred the Mongol’s worship of Buddhist and shamanist idols
- Mongols slaughtered animals by slitting their throats and draining the blood
Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368)
- founded by Kublai Khan, who united China for the first time in 300 years
- opened China to greater foreign contacts and trade
- tolerated Chinese culture, made few changes to govt
- tried to conquer Japan, failed both times
Yuan government
- kept Chinese out of high gov’t offices but retained as many Chinese officials as possible
- gave most high gov’t positions to Mongols and foreigners (Muslims and Christians)
Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1500)
- founded by Hongwu
- began reforms designed to restore agricultural lands devastated by war, erase traces of Mongols
- encouraged return to Confucian standards and returned to civil service examination
Hongwu
- commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China
- continued to rule from Yuan capital of Nanjing
Yonglo
- son of Hongwu
- moved capital to Beijing, continued many policies
1405
Yonglo launched the first of seven voyages of exploration led by Zhang He (Arabian peninsula, Swahili coast of Africa, India)
1433
- seventh and last voyage
- China withhdrew into self-sufficient isolation
Chinese isolation
- only the gov’t was to conduct foreign trade through three coastal ports
- idea of commerce offended Confucian beliefs and Chinese economic policies favored agriculture
