Global- Chap 21: Absolute Monarchs In Europe

Question 0

Don Quixote

Answer 0

• written by Cervantes

- made fun of chivalry

Question 1

Philip II

Answer 1

• inherited Spain, Spain Netherlands, and American colonies from his father Charles V
• eventually gained Portugal (nephew of the king)
• believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism
• failed Spanish Armada to punish Elizabeth I and defeated the Ottoman fleet in Lepanto

Question 2

Decline of the Spanish Empire

Answer 2

• inflation: too much gold and silver coming in
• no middle class (tax on poor not rich)
• Dutch revolted and were successful

Question 3

Dutch Independence

Answer 3

• golden age of art
• Rembrandt and Vermeer
• had a stable government –> allow them to focus on economic growth

Question 4

Absolute monarchs

Answer 4

• kings or queens that held all the power within their states’ boundaries
• believed in divine right, the idea that God created monarchy and that monarch acted as God’s representative in Earth
• answered only to God, not subjects

Question 5

Henry of Navarre

Answer 5

• first king of Bourbon Dynasty in France
• have up Protestantism and became catholic
• restored France back to its state of prosperity
• stabbed to death

Question 6

Edict of Nantes

Answer 6

• declaration of religious tolerance

- Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities

Question 7

Cardinal Richelieu

Answer 7

• appointed by Louis XIII
• became ruler of France
• increased Bourbon monarchy by forbading Protestant cities to have walls and weakened nobles’ powers (take down fortified castles)
• increase power of government agents from middle class
• involved France in the Thirty Years’ War (to limit Hapsburg power), make France strongest state

Question 8

Skepticism

Answer 8

• Idea that nothing can ever be known for certain

- writers expressed an attitude of doubt toward churches

Question 9

Montaigne

Answer 9

• first essay

- new belief replaces an old belief people thought to be the truth

Question 10

Descartes

Answer 10

• Use observation to answer arguments

- help create the scientific method

Question 11

Cardinal Mazarin

Answer 11

• true ruler of France after the death of Louis XIII
• ended the Thirty Years’ War
• hated because he increased tax and strengthened central government

Question 12

Louis XIV/ Sun King

Answer 12

• most powerful ruler in French history
• weakens nobles’ authority by excluding them from his councils
• ballet and opera
• luxurious life style
• cancels Edict of Nantes

Question 13

Intendants

Answer 13

• Government agents that cod red taxes and administered justice
• power increased under Louis XIV

Question 14

Jean Baltiste Colbert

Answer 14

• minister of finance
• believed in the theory of mercantilism
• expanded manufacturing, encouraged people to migrate to France’s colony in Canada

Question 15

War of the Spanish Succession (ended in 1714)

Answer 15

• war that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain
• big winner was Great Britain
• costly
• ended with Treaty of Utrecht

Question 16

Ferdinand II

Answer 16

• Holy Roman emperor, head of Hapsburg family
• closed some Protestant churches –> Protestant revolt
• ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia

Question 17

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

Answer 17

• conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families
• first 12 years- Hapsburg were successful
• second phase- failures (Protestant Gustavus Adolphus, drove Hapsburg out of Germany)
• Germany was affect greatly, but negatively

Question 18

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 18

• ended the Thirty Years’ War
• weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
• strengthened France
• ended religious wars in Europe
• new method for peace- all participants must meet to settle problems and decide terms of peace
• made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire

Question 19

Hapsburg of Austria

Answer 19

• grow powerful
• reconquered Bohemia
• wiped out Protestantism there and created a new Czech notability
• retake Hungary from Ottoman Empire
• ruler: Charles VI, daughter MARIA THERESA (war against Prussia)

Question 20

Frederick William/ Great Delector

Answer 20

• decided large army was the only way to ensure peace
• moved toward monarchy
• Nobility, the Junkers, resisted the growing power

Question 21

Seven Years’ War

Answer 21

• decided French kings were no longer Austria chief enemies
• Frederick the Great signed treaty with Britain and attacked Saxony
• did not change territorial situation in Europe but in other countries

Question 22

Ivan the Terrible

Answer 22

• crowned himself “czar”, first Russian ruler to use it officially
• good period: great victories, added lands, code offers, ruled justly
• bad period: after the death of Anastasia, killed anyone he thought was a traitor

Question 23

Boyars

Answer 23

Russia’s landowning nobles

Question 24

Time of Troubles

Answer 24

- a period of turmoil in Russia's history - Ivan the Terrible killed his eldest son and his second son was incapable of ruling - Romanov dynasty began when Michael Romanov, Ivan's grandnephew, was chosen to be the next czar

Question 25

Peter the Great

Answer 25

- one of Russia's greatest reformers - westernized Russia - brought the Roman Orthodox Church under state control and abolished the office of patriarch - reduced power of the great landowners - have positions of authority to men of a lower ranking family - hired European officers

Question 26

Why was Russia so far behind?

Answer 26

- Russia looked to Constantinople, NOT ROME (adopted Eastern Orthodox Church) - Mongol rule cut Russia off from the Renaissance - the only seaport, Archangel, was usually covered with ice

Question 27

St. Petersburg

Answer 27

- new capital - became a busy port - "window to Europe"