AP World- Chapter 4

Question 1

Achaemenids

Answer 1

• Persian rulers

- cemented their relationship with the Medes through marriage

Question 2

Cyrus

Answer 2

• united the various Persian tribes and overthrew the Median monarch (500 BCE)
• placed Persians and Medes in positions of responsibility and retained the framework of Median rule
• extended rule from Indus River (east) to Anatolia (west)
• kind towards conquered people, believed in honorary local customs and religions

Question 3

Persian society

Answer 3

• divided into 3 classes: warriors, priests, and peasants
• patriarchal family organization
• subjects had a lot of freedom

Question 4

Cambyses

Answer 4

• Cyrus’s son

- focused on conquering Egypt while his father focused on the west

Question 5

Darius I

Answer 5

• third ruler of Persian empire
• gave gov’t positions to Persians instead of Medes
• established a system of provinces and tribute
• expanded Persian control east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece)
• divided empire into provinces

Question 6

satrap

Answer 6

• in charge of a province of the empire

- responsible for collecting and sending tribute to the king

Question 7

a unified empire

Answer 7

• manufactured metal coins, which promoted trade, which held the empire together along with the Royal Road
• roads connected to heart of empire
• way stations were built at intervals, military controlled strategic points

Question 8

Persepolis

Answer 8

• a complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury building erected by Darius and Xerxes
• believed that weddings, festivals, and coronations were celebrated here

Question 9

Zoroastrianism

Answer 9

• became official religion of Achaemenids
• good vs. evil ideology
• emphasized truth telling and purity

Question 10

Zoroastrianism and Darius I

Answer 10

• combined the moral theology of Zoroastrianism to political ideology
• claimed that the mission of the empire was to bring all the people in the world back together again under the regime of justice an to restore the perfection of creation

Question 11

Greek geography

Answer 11

• farmers depended on rainfall to water crops
• difficult of overland transport, need to import metals, timber, and grain drew Greeks to the sea
• sea transport was much cheaper and faster, was a connector not a barrier

Question 12

the end of the Dark Ages ( ~ 800 BCE)

Answer 12

• during the Dark Ages, the Greeks were largely isolated from the rest of the world
• isolation ended as new ideas arrive from the east (alphabet, painted pottery)

Question 13

Greek city polis

Answer 13

• either oligarchic or democratic
• most had a hilltop acropolis that offered refuge in an emergency or a place for citizens to meet
• each polis was suspicious of the neighbors, leading to frequent conflict and new type of warfare- hoplite

Question 14

democracy

Answer 14

system of gov’t in which all citizens have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections

Question 15

Herodotus (400s BCE)

Answer 15

traced the antecedents and chronicled the wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, originating the Western tradition of historical writing

Question 16

Sparta

Answer 16

• became a military camp in a permanent state of preparedness as they invaded instead of sending out colonists to make room
• turned to military oligarchy, unlike the others

Question 17

Solon

Answer 17

• divided citizens in Athens into four classes based on the annual yield of their farms (top 3 could hold offices)
• made political rights a function of wealth, but also broke the monopoly on power of a small circle of aristocratic families

Question 18

Pericles

Answer 18

aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens

Question 19

middle class

Answer 19

extensive trade increased the number and wealth of the middle class

Question 20

Persian Wars (500 - 400 BCE)

Answer 20

• conflicts between Greek city-states and Persian Empire

- setback for Persians launched the Greeks in their period of greatest cultural productivity

Question 21

Xerxes’s invasion in Greece

Answer 21

• started out successful

- Spartans’ aid, Persian’s difficulty in supplying their large army, and their tactical error led to their defeat

Question 22

rise of Athenian power

Answer 22

• string of successful campaigns and passage of time led many of Athenians to contribute money, used for naval
• mastery of naval technology transformed Greek warfare
• used its power to promote its economic interest- Piraeus became the most important commercial center in eastern Mediterranean

Question 23

trireme

Answer 23

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries BCE

Question 24

Socrates

Answer 24

Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior, executed

Question 25

status of women

Answer 25

- position of women varied across communities - women of Sparta enjoyed a level of public visibility and outspokenness that shocked other Greeks - Athenian marriages were unequal affairs, no political rights and limited legal protection

Question 26

Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BCE)

Answer 26

- conflict between Athenian and Spartan alliance - caused by Athenian imperialism - Sparta won because of Athenian error and Persian financial support - different kind of war- Athens used their naval power

Question 27

Philip III

Answer 27

- transformed his kingdom of Macedonia into military power in the Greek world - made many improvements to military and introduced new equipment (catapults) - defeated a coalition of states in 338 BCE

Question 28

Confederacy of Corinth

Answer 28

- created by Philip III as an instrument for controlling Greek city-states - forcibly united the states

Question 29

Alexander (the Great)

Answer 29

- king of Macedonia and son of Philip II - conquered the Persian Empire - reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek cites, and spread Greek culture across Middle East

Question 30

Hellenistic Age (323 - 30 BCE)

Answer 30

- era in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander - ended due to Romans - empire broke into 3: Seleucid, Ptolemaic, Antigonid

Question 31

Seleucids

Answer 31

- controlled Mesopotamia, Syria, and parts of Anatolia | - faced the challenge of being open to many attacks and ruling over many ethnic groups

Question 32

Ptolemies

Answer 32

- ruled Egypt - perfected an administrative structure devised by the pharaohs to extract the surplus wealth - economy was centrally planned and highly controlled

Question 33

Alexandria

Answer 33

- capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies - contained the famous Library and the Museum - center for leading scientific and literary figures