AP World- Chapter 9

Question 1

Byzantine Empire (600 - 1200)

Answer 1

• official language was Christianity
• represented a continuation of Roman imperial rule
• relations with the pope and prince worsened

Question 2

Great Schism of 1054

Answer 2

split between Roman Catholic Church (west) and Eastern Orthodox Church (east)

Question 3

Roman Catholic Church

Answer 3

• pope is in charge
• priests may not marry and divorce is not allowed
• uses Latin

Question 4

Orthodox Church

Answer 4

• patriarch and other bishops as a group

- emperor is in charge

Question 5

Justinian

Answer 5

• emperor of Byzantine Empire
• created a set of laws called the Justinian Code
• built Hagia Sophia and repair Constantinople

Question 6

society and urban life

Answer 6

• both east and west suffered from population decline (plague of Justinian during 6th C)
• urban elite class shrank, importance of high ranking aristocrats increased
• other cities suffered from intense focus on Constantinople

Question 7

Middle Ages (500 - 1500)

Answer 7

• ushered by gradual decline of Roman Empire
• invaders from different Germanic groups overran west
• merchants faced invasions as businesses collapsed, trade broke down, cities were abandoned

Question 8

Franks

Answer 8

a Germanic people in the Roman province of Gaul under the leadership of Clovis

Question 9

Clovis

Answer 9

• united the Franks into one kingdom by 511

- converted to Christianity and helped others convert in return of the Church’s support of his military campaigns

Question 10

monasteries

Answer 10

religious communities built for monks (Christian men) and nuns (Christian women)

Question 11

Gregory I / Gregory the Great

Answer 11

• became pope in 590

- papacy became a secular power

Question 12

Charles Martel

Answer 12

• extended the Frank’s reign to the north, south, and east

- defeated a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours (732)

Question 13

Carolingian Dynasty (751 - 987)

Answer 13

reign of Frankish rulers that began with Pepin

Question 14

Pepin (the Short)

Answer 14

• ruled after Charles Martel

- agreed to fight the Lombards invading central Italy and threatening Rome

Question 15

Charlemagne

Answer 15

• built an empire greater than any known and reunited western Europe for the first time since Roman Empire
• spread Christianity as he conquered new land
• strengthened his power by limiting authority of nobles (sent agents to make sure they governed justly)

Question 16

Treaty of Verdun

Answer 16

• signed by Charlemagne’s three grandsons

- divided the empire into three and Carolingian kings lost power as central authority broke down

Question 17

fall of the Carolingian Empire

Answer 17

completely destroyed by invasions- Muslim from south, Magyar from east, Viking from north

Question 18

manor

Answer 18

a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord’s residence (manor house), pitbuildings, peasant village, and surround land

Question 19

serfs

Answer 19

agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord’s property

Question 20

tithe

Answer 20

a church tax that peasant families owned the village priest, one tenth of their income

Question 21

fife

Answer 21

land granted to a vassal by a lord (landowner) in exchange for military protection

Question 22

the Church

Answer 22

• sought to influence both spiritual and political matters after 800 (tension between pope and emperor)
• provided a sense of security and a religious community Christians belong
• religious and social center at local lever

Question 23

sacraments

Answer 23

important religious ceremonies, paved the way for achieving salvation

Question 24

canon law

Answer 24

• law of the Church in matters such as marriage and religious practices
• everyone, even the king, had to follow

Question 25

excommunication

Answer 25

- banishment from the Church | - used to threaten political rulers

Question 26

interdict

Answer 26

sacraments and religious services can not be performed in the king's land

Question 27

Holy Roman Empire

Answer 27

loose federation of mostly Germanic states and principalities

Question 28

Otto I/ Otto the Great

Answer 28

- most effective ruler of medieval Germany - formed close alliance with the Church - created a German-Italian empire (Holy Roman Empire) - depended on clergy to limit noble's strength

Question 29

lay investiture

Answer 29

a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials

Question 30

Concordat of Worms

Answer 30

- caused when Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV | - compromise in which the Church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff, however, the emperor had veto power

Question 31

Frederick I

Answer 31

- first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire | - did not focus on building royal power in Germany but invading the rich cities of Italy

Question 32

Lombard League

Answer 32

alliance of rich Italian cities

Question 33

Battle of Legnano

Answer 33

foot soldiers of Lombard League defeated feudal knights for the first time

Question 34

religion in Russia

Answer 34

- Poles and other Slavic people in the north accepted Christianity of Rome - Serbs and other southern Slavs took faith from Constantinople

Question 35

Kievan Russia (900 - 1200)

Answer 35

- 950s: Slavs began trading with Constantinople and absorbing Greek Byzantine ideas - Kiev grew into a principality and Vikings intermarried with Slavs

Question 36

principality

Answer 36

a small state ruled by a prince

Question 37

Princess Olga

Answer 37

in 957, visited Constantinople and publicly converted to Christianity

Question 38

Vladmir

Answer 38

- grandson of Olga who came to throne in 980 - sent out teams to observe the major religions of the times - reports convinced him to convert to Orthodox Christianity

Question 39

Yaroslav the Wise

Answer 39

- son of Vladmir, came to power in 1019 - married off his daughters and sisters to kings and princes of Western Europe, forging trading alliances - created legal code tailored to Kiev's commercial culture

Question 40

Mongol invasions

Answer 40

- attacked and demolished Kiev in 1240 under leadership of Batu Khan - isolated Russians from their neighbors, cutting them off from many new ideas and technologies

Question 41

Mongol rule

Answer 41

- Russians could follow their usual customs as log as they made no signs of rebellion - demanded obedience and massive amounts of tribute

Question 42

rise of Moscow

Answer 42

located near three rivers, prince could control nearly all of European Russia

Question 43

Ivan I

Answer 43

convinced the Patriarch of Kiev to move to Moscow, enhancing the city's prestige

Question 44

Ivan III

Answer 44

- called himself czar - claimed to make Russia the "Third Rome" - drove the Mongols out of Russia

Question 45

Western Europe Revival (1000 - 1200)

Answer 45

- new technology contributed to economic revival and population growth - laws making serfs free once they came into the city drew workers from countryside - northern Italy and Flanders took the lead as maritime trading centers

Question 46

Crusades (1095 - 1204)

Answer 46

- armed pilgrimages by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem and Holy Land from Muslim rule - brought an end to western Europe's long intellectual and cultural isolation

Question 47

1093

Answer 47

Byzantine emperor Alexius Commenus sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders, asking for help against the Muslim Turks that were threatening to conquer his capital

Question 48

Pope Urban II

Answer 48

- issued a call for what he termed a "holy war" to gain control of the Holy Land - brought a tremendous outpouring of religious feeling and support from great lords and peasants - king and Church wanted to get rid of knights (who were promised a place in Heaven in died in Crusades)

Question 49

First and Second Crusades

Answer 49

- able to win a narrow strip of land, Edessa - son reconquered by the Turks - Second Crusade to recapture it but failed - Jerusalem fell to Muslim leader Saladin

Question 50

Third Crusade

Answer 50

- organized to recapture Jerusalem - led by Richard the Lion Hearted - Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce in which Jerusalem remained under Muslim control and Saladin promised unarmed Christian pilgrims could visit

Question 51

Reconquista

Answer 51

long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain (controlled most of country until 1100s)

Question 52

Inquisition

Answer 52

- tribunal held by Church to suppress heresy | - used by Isabella and Ferdinand to unify their country under Christianity and consolidate their power

Question 53

Effects of Crusades

Answer 53

- Byzantine Empire and pope's power decline - religious intolerance increases - Italian cities expand trade and grow rich - trade with Middle East, technology improves - Muslims increasingly distrust Christians - power of feudal nobles weaken as kings get stronger