Pathak- Skeleton and Bone

Question 0

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Answer 0

• worms, mollusk a, cnidarians
• made of fluid
• animals get their shape from 2 layers of surrounding muscle in the body cell (1 circular, 1 longitudinal)
• flexible

Question 1

Skeleton

Answer 1

• a supporting framework for the body
• protects the internal organs
• participates in sensory transduction

Question 2

Exoskeleton

Answer 2

• outside
• bodies of arthopods (spider, crustaceans, insect)
• thin and flexible at joints
• vary in thickness and rigidity

Question 3

Endoskeletons

Answer 3

• internal
• found in echinoderms and chordates
• least common

Question 4

Bones

Answer 4

• produce red & white blood cells and platelets
• stores calcium and phosphorus
• most rigid form of connective tissue

Question 5

Red bone marrow

Answer 5

• Produces red &white blood cells and platelets

- located in the sternum (breast bone), ribs, upper arms and legs, and hips

Question 6

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 6

• fat cells

- stores energy reserves

Question 7

Axial skeleton

Answer 7

Bones of the head, vertebral column and rib cage (axis of the body), sternum, tailbone

Question 8

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 8

• bones form the appendages and attachments to the axial skeleton
• shoulder (pectoral) and hip (pelvic) girdles, bones of arm, legs, hands, feet

Question 9

Cartilage and bones

Answer 9

• make up most of the vertebrate skeleton

- rigid tissues that consist of living cells embedded in a matrix of a protein called COLLAGEN

Question 10

Role of Cartilage

Answer 10

• covers end of bones at joints
• supports flexible portion of ears and nose
• connects ribs to the sternum (breast bone)
• forms tough, shock- absorbing pads

Question 11

Intervertebral discs

Answer 11

Cartilage between the better rate of the back bone

Question 12

Chrondrocytes

Answer 12

• cells of cartilage
• secrete a flexible, elastic matrix of collagen
• rely on the gradual diffusion of materials
• slow metabolic rate (repairs itself slowly)

Question 13

Calcium phosphate

Answer 13

Mineral that hardens bone

Question 14

Compact bone

Answer 14

• outer shell
• dense
• strong
• provides an attachment site for muscle

Question 15

Spongy Bone

Answer 15

• interior of the bone
• lightweight
• rich in blood vessels
• highly porous
• contain bone marrow

Question 16

Osteoblasts

Answer 16

Bone forming cells

Question 17

Osteocytes

Answer 17

Mature bone cells

Question 18

Osteoclasts

Answer 18

Bone dissolving cells

Question 19

Bone remodeling

Answer 19

• A process in which 5% to 10% of all the bone in your body is dissolved away and replaced
• allows skeleton to alter its shape subtly
• result of coordinated activity between osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Question 20

Osteons (Haversian System)

Answer 20

• Tightly packed units that make up hard bone

- consist of concentric layers of bone with embedded osteocytes

Question 21

Calcitonin

Answer 21

• type of hormone

- cause bone to absorb calcium

Question 22

Parathormone

Answer 22

• type of hormone

- cause bone to release calcium into the blood

Question 23

Antagonistic muscles

Answer 23

Muse that work in opposing pairs

Question 24

Synergistic action

Answer 24

Muscles working in groups for a common action

Question 25

Tone

Answer 25

Continuous contraction of muscle fibers causing the muscle to look firm

Question 26

Fast twitch Muscle Fiber

Answer 26

- few mitochondria - anaerobic (rely on fermentation) - designed for strength - little/ no myoglobin - light in color - fewer blood vessels

Question 27

Joints

Answer 27

Point where two bones meet

Question 28

Tendons

Answer 28

Attach MUSCLES to BONES

Question 29

Ligaments

Answer 29

Attach BONES to JOINTS

Question 30

Origin

Answer 30

Attachment of a muscle on a stationary bone

Question 31

Insertion

Answer 31

Attachment of a muscle on a bone that moves

Question 32

Flexor

Answer 32

- muscle that narrow at the angle of the joint | - in hinge joint

Question 33

Extensor

Answer 33

- in hinge joint | - straighten at the joint

Question 34

Sliding joint

Answer 34

- found in vertebrate column - allows small sliding movements - bending over

Question 35

Pivot joint

Answer 35

Allows movement turning side to side

Question 36

Fixed joint

Answer 36

- allows no movement | - found in your skull

Question 37

Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 37

Autoimmune disease I which antibodies block or attack acetylcholine receptors

Question 38

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 38

A group of diseases that causes progressive muscle weakness

Question 39

Motile organisms

Answer 39

Organisms that can move

Question 40

Sessile organisms

Answer 40

Organisms that do not move

Question 41

Earthworm locomotion

Answer 41

Setae

Question 42

Euglena locomotion

Answer 42

Flagellum

Question 43

Hydra locomotion

Answer 43

- usually sessile | - somersaulting

Question 44

Ameba locomotion

Answer 44

Sol- gel relationship

Question 45

Paramecium locomotion

Answer 45

Cilia