Global- Chap 14: Formation of Western Europe

Question 0

Simony

Answer 0

Selling of Church offices

Question 1

Age of Faith

Answer 1

• monasteries are founded
• reformers want to return to the basic principle of the Christian religion
• pope reformed the Church, restored and expanded power and authority

Question 2

Heresy

Answer 2

The crime of holding a belief that goes against established Church doctrine

Question 3

Friars

Answer 3

• preached to the poor throughout Europe
• owned nothing and lived by begging
• Dominicans: earliest order of friars, scholars that value study
• Francis: treat all creatures as spiritual siblings
• women also participated, but were not allowed to travel

Question 4

Cathedrals

Answer 4

• viewed as the representation if the City of God
• 1100: Gothic style
• pointed arches, stained glass, wood carvings
• nearly 500 built between 1170 and 1270

Question 5

Alexus Comneus

Answer 5

• Byzantine emperor

- asked for help against Muslim Turks who were threatening to conquer Constantinople

Question 6

Pope Urban II

Answer 6

• called for a “Holy war” a crusade to gain control of the Holy Land
• wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom

Question 7

Commercial Revolution

Answer 7

Expansion of trade and business

Question 8

Three field system

Answer 8

• System of farming
• land was divided into three fields
• planted with winter crop, summer crop, unplanted

Question 9

Burghers

Answer 9

• Merchant class town dwellers

- had the right to govern the town

Question 10

First Crusades

Answer 10

• were not prepared
• didn’t knew the geography or clime of Holy Lands
• popes couldn’t decide on a leader
• captured Jerusalem (1099)
• won a narrow strip of land (Edessa (North) to Jerusalem (south))
• Edessa was reconquered by the Turks (Second Crusade tried to get it back but failed)

Question 11

Saladin

Answer 11

Muslim leader that controlled Jerusalem with a Kurdish warrior

Question 12

The Third Crusades

Answer 12

• led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs (France- Philip II, Germany- Federick I, English King)
• monarchs argued and Richard the Lion-Hearted was left to lead it
• tried to recapture Jerusalem
• ended with a truce

Question 13

Reconquista

Answer 13

long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain

Question 14

Inquisition

Answer 14

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
• tried to unite their country under Christianity
• court held by the Church to suppress heresy

Question 15

Guild

Answer 15

• Organization of individuals in the same business of occupation working to improve economic and social conditions
• became powerful and had influence over government and economy

Question 16

Trade after Crusades

Answer 16

• cloth was the most common item

- expanded

Question 17

Usury

Answer 17

Lending money at interest

Question 18

Vernacular

Answer 18

• Native language

- many writers started writing in this

Question 19

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 19

• scholar that argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
• wrote Summa Theologricae (influenced by Aristotle- Greeks)

Question 20

Scholastics

Answer 20

• used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time
• influenced the thinking of Western Europeans
• developed democratic institutions and traditions

Question 21

Anglo Saxon

Answer 21

• invaders from Europe
• king: Alfred the Great, turned back Viking invaders
• King Edward ruled after

Question 22

William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy)

Answer 22

• Normandy: region conquered by Vikings but were French in language and culture
• cousin of King Edward and claimed English crown and invaded England
• rival: Harold Godwinson (Anglo- Saxon who claimed the throne)
• unified control of the lands and laid the foundation for centralized government in England

Question 23

Henry II

Answer 23

• English king
• married Eleanor of Aquitaine, which gained him a large territory of France (added with Normandy and England)
• vassal to the French king
• strengthened Royal court (royal judges to every part of England) and introduced the use of juries

Question 24

Common law

Answer 24

- unified body of laws that were common to the whole kingdom - formed by England's royal judges

Question 25

King John

Answer 25

- ruled after Richard the Lion-Hearted - lost a lot of territory - cruel to his subjects and alienated the Church - raised taxes to finance his wars

Question 26

Magna Carta/ Great Charter (1215)

Answer 26

- Document drawn up by English nobles - guaranteed certain basic political rights - limit king's power - forced King John to sign this

Question 27

Parliament

Answer 27

- lawmaking body of British government - Edward II: chose two burgesses from every borough and two knights from every country (Model Parliament) to raise taxes for war against French; weakened great lord - over time, it became powerful

Question 28

Hugh Capet

Answer 28

began the Capetian dynasty of French kings

Question 29

Philip II

Answer 29

- one of the most powerful Capetians - greatly increased territory if France (seized Normandy from King John) - set out to weaken the power of the English kings in France (little luck with Henry II and Richard) - wanted stronger centralized government (established royal officials called bailiffs)

Question 30

Louis IX

Answer 30

- grandson of Philip II - known as ideal king - created French appeals court, could overturn decisions of local courts - court strengthened monarchy and weakened feudal ties

Question 31

Philip IV

Answer 31

- quarrel with Pope - pope refused to let any priest pay tax - disputed the right of the poor to control church affairs in his kingdom

Question 32

Estates General

Answer 32

- meeting, increased royal power against nobility - First Estate: church leaders - Second Estate: great lords - Third Estate: commoners, merchants, wealthy landlords

Question 33

Pope Boniface VIII

Answer 33

- tried to enforce papal authority, kings must always obey the pope - held prisoner by King Philip IV

Question 34

Great Schism

Answer 34

- division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church - 3 popes (Pope Urban VI, Clement V, Robert of Geneva) all accused each other of being fake - Council of Constantine forced all 3 to resign and chose Martin V

Question 35

John Waycliffe

Answer 35

- Challenged papacy | - believed that Christ is the true head if the Church, not pope

Question 36

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

Answer 36

Deadly disease that led to decrease of town populations, decline of trade, Jews blamed and punished, church's loss of power

Question 37

Avignon

Answer 37

- City where Clement V moved to from Rome | - where popes will live in for the next 69 years

Question 38

Jan Hus

Answer 38

- taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope - excommunicated and burned at stake

Question 39

Hundred Years' War

Answer 39

- French vs England - set of by England's Edward III - victory was passed back and forth - French rallied and drove English out of France entirely except for port city Calais

Question 40

Longbow

Answer 40

- Helped the English win the Hundred Years' War | - decline of chivalry

Question 41

Joan of Arc

Answer 41

- felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors - had visions and claimed to hear voices of saints - urged her to drive the English out of France and give crown to Charles VII (French) - captured and burned at stake (condemned as witch and heretic)

Question 42

Siege of Orleans

Answer 42

- led by Joan of Arc - turning point in Hundred Years' Plague - successful

Question 43

Effects of Hundred Years' War

Answer 43

- sense of nationalism - French monarch increased - English suffered from the War of the Rises (2 houses fought for the throne)