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From Flashcardlet > Pathak- DNA and RNA > Flashcards

Pathak- DNA and RNA Flashcards

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0
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • long strands of DNA that are complexes with protein (in eukaryotic cells)
  • becomes visible in the muscles during cell division
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1
Q

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

A

Consist of DNA and protein

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2
Q

Gene

A

Functional segment of DJA located at a particular place on a chromosome

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3
Q

Fredrich Miescher (Griffith)

A
  • Studied the composition of chromosome

- experiments involved 2 different strains if streptococcus pneumoniae

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4
Q

Congregation

A

Link up and trade DNA

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5
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • four subunits that make up nucleic acid
  • consists of: a phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogen containing base that has one or two ringed structure
  • the four nucleotide have same phosphate but different bases
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6
Q

Pyrimidine Base

A
  • thymine (T)
  • cytosine (C)
  • one ring
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7
Q

Purine Base

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
  • double rings
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8
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A
  • analyzed base composition of DNA and compared between different organisms
  • conclusions: DNA composition is species specific
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9
Q

Alfred Mirsky

A
  • studied the # of DNA in cells of various tissues of several organisms
  • quantities of DNA varies among species but is CONSTANT IN EACH NUCLEUS OF ANY SPECIES
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10
Q

Chargaff’s Rules

A
  • the amount of A is equal to amount of T (two hydrogen bonds)
  • amount of C is equal to amount of G (three hydrogen bonds)
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11
Q

Deoxyribose Acid (DNA)

A
  • the specific type of nucleic acid in all chromosomes of eukaryotic cells
  • composed of four kinds of nucleotides
  • double helix of two nucleotide strands
  • strands are anti parallel
  • hydrogen bonds between complementary bases hold the strands together
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12
Q

DNA in Gametes (Sperm and Egg)

A

Has half as much DNA as the other cells of the body

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13
Q

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

A

Used X- Ray diffraction to study the structure of DNA

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14
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

Proposed that the DNA molecule consists of two strands, each composed of a series of nucleotides

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15
Q

Strands of DNA

A
  • PHOSPHATE GROUP of one nucleotide bonds to the SUGAR of another nucleotide
  • “backbone” of alternating sugars and phosphates with bases protruding outside of the double helix
  • has free sugar and free phosphate on opposite ends of the two strands
  • COMPLEMENTARY not identical
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16
Q

Replication

A

A process in which a chromosome’s double helical strand of DNA is copied when it is duplicated to produce two identical DNA helices

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17
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A
  • name of the process of DNA replication

- conserves one parental DNA strand and produces one newly synthesized strand

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18
Q

DNA Helicase

A
  • step 1 of DNA replication
  • enzyme that separate the two parental DNA strand
  • forms replication bubble
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19
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • step 2
  • forms a covalent bond
  • enzyme that joins nucleotide subunits to form the new strand of DNA
  • recognizes bases exposed in parental strand and matches them up with free nucleotides that have complementary bases
  • bonds the usage and phosphates to form backbone
  • travel in one direction only, move in opposite directions
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20
Q

DNA ligase

A
  • Step 2

- enzymes that joins Okazaki fragments into a single daughter strand

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21
Q

Leading strand

A

Polymerase that follows the DNA Helicase

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22
Q

Lagging Strand

A
  • makes Okazaki fragments

- moves in opposite direction of leading strand

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23
Q

Error Free Replication

A
  • proof reading
  • hydrogen binding between complementary base pairs make DNA replication highly accurate
  • DNA repair enzymes proofread each daughter strand during and after its synthesis
  • mistakes happen about once per billion base pairs
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24
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
Each gene codes for a single enzyme
25
One gene one protein hypothesis
Each gene encodes the information for a sine protein
26
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- molecule that carried the information from DNA to the ribosomes to guide protein synthesis - 1 strand - sugar is ribose, one more oxygen than DNA - uracil instead of thymine
27
Messenger RNA
- carries the code for protein synthesis from genes to ribosomes - consist of a single strand of nucleotides whose bases are complementary to those of the template DNA it was transcribed from - identical to the coding strand
28
Ribosomal RNA
- combines with protein to form ribosomes - on which protein synthesis occurs - consists of small and large subunit
29
Transfer RNA
- carries amino acid to ribosomes - has anticodons complementary to a codon in mRNA - IDENTICAL to the template strand - stores the energy of ATP used to forge a peptide bond - decode the sequence of bases in mRNA into amino acid sequence of a protein
30
Template Strand
- the DNA strand that contains useful information - is transcribed to mRNA - template from which the complementary RNA strand is made
31
Start Codon
- AUG | - codes for an amino acid that signals the beginning of a protein
32
Stop Codon
- UAG, UAA, UGA | - signals the ribosome to release the mRNA and new protein
33
Transcription
- produces mRNA molecules complementary to one strand of DNA - normally copies the DNA of only selected genes - only copies one of the two strands of DNA into mRNA
34
Initiation of Transcription (Protein Synthesis)
- RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter site
35
RNA Polymerase
- enzyme that carries out the synthesis of all 3 types of RNA A uses genes of DNA as templates to specify the sequence of RNA nucleotides - locates the beginning of gene to begin transcription
36
Promoter
Short sequence of DNA bases that mark the beginning of the gene
37
Genetic Code
- A set of symbols (bases in nucleic acid) that can be translated into another set of symbols (amino acid) - uses three bases to specify each amino acid - similar to Morse Code - relies on a short sequence of bases to encode each amino acid
38
Central Dogma
Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
39
Codon
Set of 3 RNA bases
40
Elongation of Transcription (Protein Synthesis)
- RNA polymerase changes shape, forcing DNA double helix to unwind - enzyme travels along template strand and synthesizes a strand of RNA that is complementary to it - after the addition of 10 nucleotides, the beginning of the RNA molecule separates from the DNA - pairing between bases on either side of DNA strand is re- established - RNA forms a long tail and drifts away from DNA
41
Termination of Transcription (Protein Synthesis)
- RNA polymerase reaches end of template strand (termination signal)
42
Termination Signal
- a sequence of DNA bases - causes the RNA molecule to separate from DNA and RNA polymerase - causes RNA polymerase to reattach from DNA template strand
43
Ribosomes
- composites of rRNA and many different proteins | - composed of two subunits that are separate unless they are actively synthesizing proteins
44
Small Subunit
Recognizes and binds mRNA and part of tRNA
45
Large Subunit
- contains an enzymatic region that catalyzes the additional amino acids and bears two other sites that bind to tRNA - catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids that form the growing protein - recognizes mRNA
46
Initiation of Translation (Protein Synthesis)
- begins when tRNA and mRNA bind to a ribosome - initiator tRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit accompanied by amino acid METHIONINE - small subunit binds to RNA and joins with large subunit - initiator tRNA anticodon base pairs with start codon on mRNA and binds to first binding site of large subunit
47
Elongation of Translation (Protein Synthesis)
- second mRNA codon base pairs with anticodon of tRNA (valine molecule) which enters second binding site - catalytic site catalyzes the formation of peptide bond between amino acid - initiator tRNA deataches and newly formed dipeptide moves to first binding site - next tRNA base pairs with third mRNA codon and moves to second site - peptide bond is forged and forms a three peptide chain attached to the third tRNA
48
Termination of Translation (Protein Synthesis)
- process repeats until a stop codon is reached - finished peptide is released from ribosome - ribosomal subunits separate
49
Mutations
Changes in the sequence of bases in DNA
50
Deletion
- chromosome mutation | - piece of chromosome breaks off
51
Inversion
- chromosome mutation | - piece breaks off, rotate, and reattached backwards
52
Translocation
- chromosome mutation | - piece breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
53
Point Mutation
- nucleotide mutation | - a pair of bases becomes incorrectly matched
54
Insertion Mutation
- nucleotide mutation | - one or more nucleotides are inserted into a gene
55
Deletion Mutation
- nucleotide mutation | - one or more nucleotide pairs are removed from a gene
56
CTC to CTT
- glutamic acid - hydrophilic, acidic - neutral effect
57
CTC to CTA
- aspartic acid - hydrophilic, acidic - neutral effect
58
CTC to CAC
- valine - hydrophobic, neutral - lose water solubility - possibly castrophobic - protein function is changed by altered amino acid
59
CTC to ATC
- produces stop codon - ends translation - synthesizes only part of protein - castrophobic
60
Neutral mutations
Mutations that do not sects my change the function of the encoded protein
61
Androgen Insensitivity
- an individual with female appearance - has male sex chromosome - has testes and no ovaries or uterus - body cells do not respond to make hormones
62
Werner Syndrome
- causes premature aging | - mutation in a gene that codes for protein that are parts of enzymes responsible for DNA replication
63
E one
Coding segments expressed in protein
64
Introns
- no coding segments that intervene between scone | - must be cut out and broken down in order for RNA from transcription to turn to true mRNA
65
Enzyme Activity
Commonly controlled by inhibition
66
Muscle Cells
Are never transcribed
67
Somatic mutation
Occur in somatic cells and only affect the individual in which the mutation arises
68
Germ Line Mutation
Alter gametes and are passed to the next generation

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