AP World- Chap 24: Ottoman Empire Flashcards
(17 cards)
1
Q
Muhammad Ali
A
- was sent to Egypt to stabilize it by the Ottoman
- modernized it and made people from all over the world join the military (created patriotism)
- ruled Egypt as Ottoman governor, had his own dynasty which ruled until 1952
2
Q
Wahhabis
A
- took control of the holy cities, Mecca and Medina
- this prevented the sultan from organizing the annual pilgrimage
3
Q
Janissary
A
- military corps made of Christian boys taken from their homes conquered by the Ottoman
- converted to Islam
- served for life in the Ottoman army
- wanted to preserve special economic privileges, resisted the creation of new military units
- produced many military uprisings
4
Q
Serbia
A
the Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s
5
Q
Sultan Muhmad II
A
- saw the Ottoman military reversals in Greece as a sign of great/intense weakness
- created a new artillery unit and dissolved the Janissary corps
- was about to reduce the political power of religious elite but was killed
6
Q
Vulnerability of the Ottoman Empire
A
- battlefield defeat by Ibrahim from Syria
- death of Muhmad
- rebuilt Ottoman army switched sides and supported Egypt left the empire completely dependent on European powers for survival
7
Q
ulama
A
- opponents of reform
- Muslim religious scholars
- distrusted the secularization of law and taxation Selim proposed
8
Q
Tanzimat
A
- a series of reforms that restricted the control of religious elites to make the military and bureaucracy more efficient
- public trials and equal protection under the law for all
- some rights of privacy
- new method of tax collection
9
Q
Military Reform
A
- Sultan Muhmad sent military cadets to France and German states for training
- military education became the model for more general educational reforms
- new hats for military: fez
10
Q
Legal Reforms
A
- laws used to affect non-Muslim Ottoman subjects, they used to be required to pay a special head tax
- Tanzimat abolished the tax and non-Muslim were liable for military service
- all males had equal access to civil courts
11
Q
Status of Women
A
- Tanzimat granted things applied to men
- may have decreased the influence of women
12
Q
The Eastern Question
A
- Russia was trying to expand southward into Ottoman
- Russia invaded Ottoman territories
- British and France went to war as allies of the Sultan
- the real cause of the war was WHETHER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE SHOULD CONTINUE TO EXIST AND IF NOT, WHO SHOULD TAKE OVER ITS TERRITORY
13
Q
Crimean War (1853-1856)
A
- Britain, France & Italian kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont sided with Ottoman
- for the first time, newspaper effectively mobilized public support for war in Britain and France
- French press promoted a sense of unity between Turkish and French society
- marked the transition from traditional to modern warfare
14
Q
Commercial Expansion
A
- after the war, Ottoman increased its involvement with European commerce
- imperial bank was founded, creation of banks, insurance companies, and legal firms
- migration from country to city, major cities expanded
15
Q
extraterritoriality
A
- a person who has the right to be subject to their own laws and exempt from Ottoman
- Ottoman gov’t became heavily dependent on foreign loans, lowered tariffs to favor European imports and allowed European banks open in the empire
16
Q
Young Ottoman/ Turks
A
- promoted a mixture of liberal ideas derived from Europe, national pride in Ottoman independence, and modernist views of Islam
- worried about the foreign debt in empire and if the rulers and officials would ever stand up to European domination
17
Q
Abdul Hamid II
A
- new untried sultan appointed by Young Ottoman
- suspended constitution and parliament elected due to war with Russia again threatening in the Balkans
- ruthlessly opposed further political reforms
