Fatty Acids

Question 1

Answer 1

Figure this out by the end of the lecture

Question 2

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Answer 2

Question 3

Why is fatty acid storage more compact and a better energy storage than glycogen?

Smaller molecule

Larger molecule

Hydrophobic Effect

Ionic effect

Answer 3

Hydrophobic Effect

Question 4

What are Fatty Acids?

Answer 4

Question 5

Palmitate

Answer 5

Question 6

Palmitolate

Answer 6

Question 7

Stearate

Answer 7

Question 8

Oleate

Answer 8

Question 9

Linoleate

Answer 9

Question 10

Linolenate

Answer 10

Question 11

Arachadonic Acid

Answer 11

Question 12

Biological Functions of Fatty Acids

Answer 12

Question 13

Triacylglycerol

Answer 13

Question 14

Membrane Structures

Answer 14

Question 15

Release of FA from Adipose and the Enzymes involved.

Answer 15

Question 16

Triglyceride Degredation

Answer 16

Question 17

When fatty acids are released from the fat cell they are carried by serum albumin?

They are specific receptors for serum albumin on tissues, but not for fatty acids

The fatty acids would precipitate in serum unless bound to albumin

The fatty acids would bind to membrane components and not travel to target tissues

the fatty acids can only enter the nerves system if bound to albumin

Answer 17

The fatty acids would precipitate in serum unless bound to albumin

Question 18

How long must a chain be to be soluble?

Answer 18

Once you get larger than 8 carbon fatty acids it starts to precipitate

Question 19

What Carries FA in the Blood? and Why?

Answer 19

Albumin is the most abundant protein in your blood stream.

Question 20

What other protein is activated by PKA

Liver phosphorylase (activated by phosphorylase kinase)

Muscle Phosphorylase

Protein phosphatase 1

Protein Inhibitor 1

glycogen synthase (Inhibited by PKA)

Answer 20

Protein Inhibitor 1

Question 21

What Happens to the Glycerol Produced?

Answer 21

Question 22

G3PDH is also needed for what pathway?

Glycolysis

Glucogneogeneiss

An electron shunt pathway

Glycogen Degredation

Glycogen synthesis

Answer 22

An electron shunt pathway

Question 23

How many high-energy phosphate bonds are required to convert two molecules of glycerol to one molecule of glucose in the liver?

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Answer 23

2

Lactate requires 6 Atps to get to Glucose but glycerol only needs 2. But there’s much more Lactate than Glycerol.

Question 24

What Happens to the Fatty Acids?

Answer 24

Question 25

Feeding Experiments

Answer 25

Question 26

Beta Oxidation

Answer 26

Question 27

Similarities to TCA Cycle

Answer 27

Question 28

Fatty Acid Oxidation Reactions

Answer 28

Question 29

Big Picture of Fatty Acid Oxidation

Answer 29

Question 30

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Answer 30

Question 31

Overview of Fatty Acid Oxidation

Answer 31

Question 32

Fatty Acid Transport into the Mitochondria

Answer 32

Question 33

Acetyl CoA vs. Acyl CoA

Answer 33

Acetyl CoA — this specifies that the CoA is directly linked to the Acetyl group. Acyl CoA— Hydrocarbon chain linked to CoA

Question 34

What would you expect to happen in fan individual had a CPT II deficiency? Fasting Hyperglycemia Fasting Hypoglycemia Reduced glycolytic rate No effect on metabolism

Answer 34

Fasting Hypoglycemia — Liver will have trouble maintaining blood glucose levels.

Question 35

Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 35

Question 36

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase

Answer 36

Question 37

Peroxisomal Fatty Acid Degredation

Answer 37

Question 38

For the complete oxidation of palmitic acid, how many rounds of the beta oxidation spiral are required? ## Footnote 5 6 7 8 9

Answer 38

7— after 6 rounds we released 6 acCoA (12 carbons) we started with 16 so that leaves 4 carbons so we have one more round to get to 7

Question 39

Energy Yield from Fatty Acid Oxidation

Answer 39

Question 40

Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 40

Question 41

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Continued

Answer 41

Question 42

Unsaturated FA pt. 3

Answer 42

Question 43

Unsaturated FA Pt. 4

Answer 43

Question 44

Unsaturated FA Pt. 5

Answer 44

Question 45

ATP Yield from Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 45

Question 46

Which fatty acid when completed oxidized will yield the greatest amount of ATP? ## Footnote C16:0 C18:0 Cis delta 5 C20:1 Cis Delta 6 C20:1 Cis Delta 6,9 C20:2

Answer 46

Cis delta 5 C20:1

Question 47

Oxidation of Odd-Chain Fatty Acids

Answer 47

Question 48

ATP from the Oxidation of an Odd Chain Fatty Acid

Answer 48

Question 49

Alpha Oxidation

Answer 49

Alpha oxidation is unique to branched chain fatty acids.

Question 50

Omega Oxidation

Answer 50

Only see Omega oxidation when Beta Oxidation is working. Omega converts methyl group to alcohol then aldehyde then to an acid

Question 51

Why is alpha oxidation required for Phytanic Acid? To allow the hydration step to occur to Allow the acyl CoA dehydrogenase step to occur To allow the thiolase step to occur To allow the hydroxylacyl CoA dehydrogenase step to occur

Answer 51

To allow the hydroxylacyl CoA dehydrogenase step to occur — Methyl group is on the beta carbon. SO we can do the first step fine. The second step is to add hydroxyl group on the beta carbon. The third step is to oxidize the hydroxyl group on the beta carbon therefore we can’t make a ketone on that carbon. So if you use alpha oxidation you move the methyl group to the alpha position and can therefore oxidize the beta position.

Question 52

What metabolite may accumulate in the blood of an individual with MCAD deficiency? Free Fatty Acids Carnitine 6-10 Carbon Dicarboxlic acids Glucose Glycerol

Answer 52

6-10 Carbon Dicarboxlic acids — This is a case where omega oxidation will take over. Organic Dicarboxylic acids will be released.

Question 53

How does FA derived from FADH2 Deliver Electrons to the ETC

Answer 53

Question 54

Ketone Bodies

Answer 54

Question 55

Biosynthesis of Ketone Bodies

Answer 55

Question 56

How are ketone bodies metabolized

Answer 56

Question 57

Regulation of Ketone Body Synthesis

Answer 57

Question 58

Timing of Fatty Acid and KB utilization

Answer 58

Question 59

Metabolic Defects in FA oxidation

Answer 59

Question 60

Carnitine Deficiency

Answer 60

Fatty acids accumulate in the cytoplasm because they can’t get into the cytoplasm. SO FA in liver and muscle are disease conditions and this is why. Primary — Treat with Short Chain Fatty acids. Secondary — can’t be treated with short chain. We don’t make ketone bodies with either type of Carnitine Deficiency.

Question 61

Primary Carnitine Deficiency

Answer 61

Question 62

Secondary Carnitine Deficiency

Answer 62

Question 63

MCAD Deficiency

Answer 63

Question 64

4 Peroxisome Disorders

Answer 64

Zellwedgers Syndrome Refsum Disease Adrenoluekodystrophy Acyl-CoA Oxidase Deficiency

Question 65

Zellwedger Syndrome

Answer 65

Question 66

Refsum Disease

Answer 66

Question 67

Adrenoluekodystrophy

Answer 67

Question 68

Acyl-CoA Oxidase Deficiency

Answer 68

Question 69

Jamacan Vomiting Sickness

Answer 69

Question 70

Fatty Acid Bioxynthesis Rationale and Reactions

Answer 70

Question 71

Pathway of FA Biosynthesis

Answer 71

Question 72

Initial Condensation

Answer 72

Question 73

Initial Condensation Cont.

Answer 73

Question 74

Reductions of Dehydrations

Answer 74

Question 75

Reduction and Condensation

Answer 75

Question 76

Elongation of Fatty Acids

Answer 76

Question 77

Desaturation of Fatty Acids

Answer 77

Question 78

Essential Fatty Acids

Answer 78

Question 79

Elongation and Desaturation of Fatty Acids -- Omega Series

Answer 79

Question 80

Omega Series Cont.

Answer 80

Question 81

Transport of Acetyl CoA

Answer 81

Question 82

Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Answer 82

Question 83

Hormonal Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Answer 83

Question 84

Allosteric Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Answer 84

Question 85

Glucagon Regulation of Fatty Acids

Answer 85

Question 86

Answer 86

Good Question. You better Damn Well Know the Answer!!!