Intro to Metabolism

Question 1

What is Metabolism?

Answer 1

Question 2

Options:

Von Gierke Disease

Classical Galactosemia

Non-Classical Galactosemia

Hereditary fructose

MCAD Deficience

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 2

Type 1 Diabetes

Question 3

Normal Non-Fasting Levels of Glucose

Answer 3

Glucose 100 mg/dl

Question 4

Von Gierke Disease

Classical Galactosemia

Non-Classical Galactosemia

Hereditary fructose

MCAD Deficiency Medium Chain Acetyl Co-A Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 4

MCAD Deficiency Medium Chain Acetyl Co-A Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Question 5

What are the Four Nutrients

Answer 5

1. Carbohydrates (Sugars)
2. Lipids (Fats)
3. Protiens (Made of AA)
4. Alcohol

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Question 7

Lipids (Fats)

Answer 7

Question 8

Proteins

Answer 8

Question 9

Alcohol

Answer 9

Question 10

What is common to all tissues?

Answer 10

Glycogen stores (Some tissues have much more than others)

Question 11

High protein diets can result in…

Answer 11

Proteins being converted into triglycerides or glycogen which can mean weight gain.

Question 12

Lipids produce more energy on per carbon basis than carbs or proteins out to which one of the following?

Lipids are more oxidized

Lipids are more reduced than carbs— have more electrons available

lipids have greater molecular weight than carbs

Lipids have a reduced solubility in water

Answer 12

Lipids are more reduced than carbs— have more electrons available

Question 13

The more oxidized a nutrient is…

Answer 13

the less energy that it can produce

Question 14

Most oxidized substance is…

Answer 14

CO2 which cannot be reduced and cannot give us energy

Question 15

If you a mean with 100g of CHO 100 g of fat and 20 g of alcohol how many calories?

Answer 15

1840 Calories/g

Could be the entire caloric need for a day.

Question 16

What are vitamins

Answer 16

Question 17

Co-factors

Answer 17

Help enzymes catalyze the reaction and in most cases they remain unchanged. Some change.

Question 18

What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 18

A, D, E, and K

Question 19

B1

Answer 19

Thiamine

Question 20

B2

Answer 20

Riboflavin

Question 21

B3

Answer 21

Niacin

Question 22

B5

Answer 22

Pantothenic Acid

Question 23

B6

Answer 23

Pyridoxine

Question 24

B7

Answer 24

Biotin

Question 25

B9

Answer 25

Folic Acid

Question 26

B12

Answer 26

Cobalamine

Question 27

Vitamin A

Answer 27

Vision

Question 28

Vitamin D

Answer 28

Calcium and Hormones

Question 29

Vitamin E

Answer 29

Antioxidant

Question 30

Vitamin K

Answer 30

Blood Coagulation

Question 31

Reactions that need only 1 carbon usually come from...

Answer 31

folate

Question 32

Energy Required to keep all organs functioning at rest...

Answer 32

Question 33

Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation

Answer 33

More precise than the Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 34

Daily Energy Need

Answer 34

Question 35

If Caloric Intake Exceeds Daily Needs...

Answer 35

Question 36

If Caloric Intake is below that of daily need...

Answer 36

Question 37

Loss of one pound...

Answer 37

Loss of one pound is about 3500 Calories per week — 500 Calories per day.

Question 38

Body Mass Index Definition

Answer 38

Question 39

Scale of BMI

Answer 39

Question 40

What are the Energy Sources?

Answer 40

Question 41

Why does the removal of the (first two phosphate groups ony) on ATP release energy?

Answer 41

Phosphate want’s to be removed because the negative charges repel each other.

Question 42

Muscle converts excess ATP...

Answer 42

Muscle converts excess ATP to Creatine Phosphate to get a reservoir of high energy intermediates.

Question 43

Each individual Phospate bond to ATP releases how much energy?

Answer 43

7 kcal/mole is for each individual high energy bonds (there are two in each ATP.)

Question 44

Draw the Metabolism Overview in the Fed State

Answer 44

Question 45

Fat is not soluble in water and is instead

Answer 45

Fat is not soluble in water and is instead packaged into a Chylomicron.

Question 46

Pancreas

Answer 46

Pancreas senses the change in blood glucose levels and creates Insulin and Alpha Cells of pancreases reduces Glucagon.

Question 47

Insulin/Glucagon Ratio in the fed state

Answer 47

Insulin/Glucagon Ratio in the fed state is High

Question 48

Glucose is stored as...

Answer 48

Glucose stored as glycogen and metabolized into Acetyl CoA

Question 49

Chylomicrons

Answer 49

Transport Dietary Triglycerides

Question 50

VLDL

Answer 50

Transports De Novo Triglycerides

Question 51

Only Source of Energy for the Brain

Answer 51

Glucose

Question 52

What organelles/features do RBC's Lack?

Answer 52

Nucleus or Mitochondria

Question 53

Muscle will only uptake glucose under what conditions?

Answer 53

Muscle will only take glucose up from circulation when insulin is present.

Question 54

Liver Glycogen

Answer 54

Used to maintain Glucose levels in the blood

Question 55

Muscle Glycogen

Answer 55

Only used for muscle

Question 56

Fat Cells only uptake Glucose under what conditions?

Answer 56

Glucose entry into fat cells is also insulin dependent

Question 57

What tissues/when can they uptake Amino Acids?

Answer 57

All other tissues can use AA for energy some tissues will be insulin dependent AA uptake whereas others will be Insulin independent AA uptake.

Question 58

Draw Metabolism in the Basal State

Answer 58

Question 59

Glucose levels in between meals...

Answer 59

In between meals — Blood Glucose levels Drop

Question 60

What does the liver do in the absence of glucose...

Answer 60

Liver — Glycogen Degradation is Stimulated for Blood Glucose Increase so brain can still get energy.

Question 61

Brain doesn’t care that we’re not eating. Why?

Answer 61

Because it will use glucose that is broken down from liver glycogen stores.

Question 62

RBC converts glucose into...

Answer 62

RBC — Glucose converted to lactate in RBCS

Question 63

Function of Fat Cells

Answer 63

Fat Cells — Activation of Triglyceride hydrolysis and release of Fatty Acids into blood

Question 64

How does the muscle react when Insulin/Glucagon ratio is low?

Answer 64

Muscle — Insulin Low — No Glucose Uptake — Uses Glycogen Stores

Question 65

How does the liver react when Insulin/Glucagon Ratio is Low

Answer 65

Liver — Takes up FA to generate energy — KB transport Acetyl CoA throughout the body — FA in Liver is converted to Acetyl CoA — Gluconeogenisis— Synthesis of Glucose via other substrates

Question 66

How is the Lactate made by RBC’s used?

Answer 66

used by Liver for Gluconeogenesis— Heart also uses lactate for energy

Question 67

Draw Metabolism in the Starved State

Answer 67

Question 68

Blood Glucose in Starved State

Answer 68

Blood Glucose is low — Insulin Down — Glucagon Up

Question 69

How long after not eating is liver glucagon gone?

Answer 69

18-24 hours of not eating liver glycogen is gone

Question 70

What are FA being used to generate in the Starved State?

Answer 70

FA is being used to make more ketone bodies

Question 71

What are the energy sources for gluconeogenisis in the starved state?

Answer 71

Glycerol and Lactate are primary sources of gluconeogenesis

Question 72

Brain Glucose Consumption in Starved State

Answer 72

Glucose being used by brain is now 60% of normal because other 40% is provided by KB

Question 73

Functions of KB

Answer 73

KB reduce brain’s dependency on glucose which reduces the need for protein degradation

Question 74

What ultimately kills us when starving?

Answer 74

Ultimately what will kill us during starvation is protein degredation

Question 75

Can FA's be used to make Glucose?

Answer 75

FA’s can’t be used to make glucose.

Question 76

Emia Suffix

Answer 76

Emia — Suffix for In the Blood.

Question 77

Urea Suffix

Answer 77

Urea — Suffix for in the Urine.

Question 78

HbA1c

Answer 78

HbA1c — is a Glycosylated Protein and indicates lack of Glycemic Control

Question 79

Why do we measure blood Contents?

Answer 79

Question 80

Glycolysis

Answer 80

Question 81

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 81

Question 82

Disorders of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

Answer 82

Question 83

How do we store energy?

Answer 83

Question 84

TCA Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 84

Question 85

Fatty Acid Metabolism

Answer 85

Question 86

Disorders of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Answer 86

Question 87

HMP Shunt Pathway

Answer 87

Question 88

What is the most common x-linked disease in the world?

Answer 88

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficinency

Question 89

What do you need 5 carbon sugars for? Protein synthesis Amino acid synthesis Nucleotide Synthesis None of the Above

Answer 89

Nucleotide Synthesis

Question 90

Urea cycle and Amino Acid Metabolism

Answer 90

Question 91

Urea cycle and Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders

Answer 91

Question 92

Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degredation

Answer 92

Question 93

Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degredation Disorders

Answer 93

Question 94

Cholesterol Biosynthesis

Answer 94

Question 95

How are the reactions in the body catalyzed?

Answer 95

Question 96

Why is Enzyme Regulation Needed?

Answer 96

Question 97

Long Term Adaptation

Question 98

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 98

Question 99

Allosteric Modification

Answer 99

Question 100

Covalent Modification

Answer 100

Question 101

Compartmentalization

Answer 101

Question 102

What are the 5 ways of Enzyme Regulation?

Answer 102

Question 103

In a fed state, after eating a meal high in carbs hand when energy level are high in liver which pathways would be inhibited? Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis

Answer 103

Gluconeogenesis