6th - Science Chapter 4 notes. REVISED

Question 0

**What are the fragments that make up rocks?

Answer 0

Grains

Question 1

**Is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or particles?

Answer 1

Rock

Question 2

**What can a rock be classified according to?

Answer 2

1. Size
2. Shape
3. Chemical composition

Question 3

**What do geologists do to rocks according to their composition and their texture?

Answer 3

Classify

Question 4

**What is the size of grains in a rock and the other way the grains fit together?

Answer 4

Texture

Question 5

**Texture can be used to determine the ____________ in which a rock formed.

Answer 5

Environment

Question 6

**What is the material that makes up a rock called?

Answer 6

Composition

Question 7

**What can the composition of a rock be used to determine?

Answer 7

1. Where the rock was formed

2. To interpret the conditions that existed when the rock formed.

Question 8

What are the three major rock types?

Answer 8

1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic

Question 9

**What type of rocks are formed when magma or lava cools and crystallizes?

Answer 9

Igneous rocks

Question 10

What is the molten or liquid rock material below Earth’s surface called?

Answer 10

Magma

Question 11

What it is called when molten rock erupts on Earth’s surface?

Answer 11

Lava

Question 12

**What type of rocks are formed where sediment is deposited?

Answer 12

Sedimentary rocks

Question 13

**Name some forces that cause rocks to break down?

Answer 13

1. Wind
2. Running water
3. Ice
4. Gravity

Question 14

**Sediment is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or _________ in water as rocks erode.

Answer 14

Dissolve

Question 15

**Sediment can be ___________ to new environments where they are deposited and form sedimentary rock.

Answer 15

Transported

Question 16

**What type of rocks form when rocks are exposed to extreme temperatures and pressure or the addition of chemical fluids?

Answer 16

Metamorphic rocks

Question 17

The minerals that make up the rock’s composition can change as well as the ____________ or the arrangement of the individual mineral grains.

Answer 17

Texture

Question 18

In many cases, the change is so intense that the arrangement of the grains appears what?

Answer 18

Bent or twisted layers

Question 19

**What type of rocks do metamorphic rocks form from?

Answer 19

Igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks

Question 20

Some processes of the rock cycle such as those associated extreme temperature, pressure and melting occur only where?

Answer 20

Beneath Earth’s surface

Question 21

**What is a tectonic process that forces rocks onto Earth’s surface?

Answer 21

Uplift

Question 22

**Igneous rocks form from molten rock in what forms?

Answer 22

Magma or lava

Question 23

**Lava cools ___________ above earth’s surface.

Answer 23

Quickly

Question 24

Magma cools more _________ below Earth's surface.

Answer 24

Slowly

Question 25

****What type of igneous rock is formed when volcanic material erupts and cools and crystallizes on Earth's surface?

Answer 25

Extrusive Rock

Question 26

Some extrusive rock cools so quickly that __________ do not have time to grow.

Answer 26

Crystals

Question 27

****What is a rock that forms when lava cools too quickly to grow crystals?

Answer 27

Volcanic Glass

Question 28

What sometimes get trapped in the lava escape, leaving holes in the extrusive rock?

Answer 28

Gases

Question 29

****What is igneous rock that forms as magma cools underground?

Answer 29

Intrusive Rock

Question 30

****What does intrusive rock contain because the magma cools slowly?

Answer 30

Large crystals

Question 31

As with all types of rocks, what two characteristics can help to identity igneous rocks?

Answer 31

Texture and composition

Question 32

****If the crystals are small or impossible to see without a magnifying lens, it is what type of rock?

Answer 32

Extrusive Rock

Question 33

****If the crystals are large enough to see and have an interlocking texture, what type of rock is it?

Answer 33

Intrusive Rock

Question 34

****Igneous rocks are classified, in part, due what in their content?

Answer 34

Silica

Question 35

What -colored minerals contain more silica?

Answer 35

Light-colored

Question 36

****Magma composition, the location where lava or magma cools and crystallizes, and the ______________ determine the type of igneous rock that forms.

Answer 36

Cooling rate

Question 37

What and air can change the physical or chemical properties of rock?

Answer 37

Water

Question 38

This change can cause rock to break apart, to dissolve, or to form new what!

Answer 38

Minerals

Question 39

****When water travels through rock, some elements of the rock can dissolve and be ____________ to new locations.

Answer 39

Transported

Question 40

****The sediment eventually are ___________, or laid down, where they can then accumulate in layers.

Answer 40

Deposited

Question 41

****What is the process called as young layers of sediment are deposited on top of old layers, the weight from the layers of sediment forces out fluids and decreases space between grains?

Answer 41

Compaction

Question 42

****Compaction can lead to a process called what, in which minerals dissolved in water crystallize?

Answer 42

Cementation

Question 43

****Sedimentary rocks are classified by how they what?

Answer 43

Are formed

Question 44

****What are broken pieces and fragments called?

Answer 44

Clastic rocks

Question 45

The size and _________ of the class help to determine which agent deposited it.

Answer 45

Shape

Question 46

****Agents with enough energy to move large clast, such as a fast-flowing River, tend to move ___________, well-rounded sediment.

Answer 46

Large

Question 47

****Calm environments, such as the bottom of a lake, tend to have ________ sediment.

Answer 47

Fine

Question 48

****What form when minerals crystallize directly from water?

Answer 48

Chemical rocks

Question 49

Particles can crystallize out of a(n) _______________ solution to form minerals.

Answer 49

Saturated

Question 50

Chemical rocks often have a(n) _______________ crystalline texture.

Answer 50

Interlocking

Question 51

The crystal structure of a chemical rock is similar to the structure of a ______________igneous rock.

Answer 51

Intrusive

Question 52

****What is composed of one dominant mineral?

Answer 52

Chemical sedimentary rocks

Question 53

What are composed of a variety of minerals?

Answer 53

Igneous rocks

Question 54

****What is a sedimentary rock that is formed by organisms, or it contains the remains of organisms?

Answer 54

Biochemical rock

Question 55

****Most of Earth's _____________ formed with the help of marine organisms.

Answer 55

Limestone

Question 56

These organisms used dissolved substances in ocean water to form their __________ parts.

Answer 56

Hard

Question 57

After organisms die, the hard parts of their bodies compact and ________ and form limestone.

Answer 57

Cemented

Question 58

Much of Earth's limestone is made of what?

Answer 58

Calcite

Question 59

Some biochemical rocks contain ____________ and oxygen instead of carbonates.

Answer 59

Silicon

Question 60

****What energy resource is a biochemical rock composed of the remains of plants and animals from prehistoric swamps?

Answer 60

Coal

Question 61

****Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are exposed to what?

Answer 61

High temperatures and pressures

Question 62

****Most metamorphic rocks form where?

Answer 62

1. deep in the Earth's crust | 2. Mantle

Question 63

Metamorphic rocks _____________ and form layers during their formation.

Answer 63

Bend

Question 64

Rocks under high temperatures and pressure can behave like what?

Answer 64

Bendable plastic

Question 65

Plastic materials bend and _______ without melting.

Answer 65

Fold

Question 66

As they form, metamorphic rocks might permanently change shape by bending and folding during what?

Answer 66

Plastic deformation

Question 67

****Bending and folding of rocks is common during the formation of what?

Answer 67

Mountains

Question 68

The temperature needed to change a rock to a metamorphic rock depends on the composition of the what?

Answer 68

Parent rock

Question 69

****Temperature must reach at least what for metamorphic rocks to form?

Answer 69

150*C

Question 70

****Pressure becomes ____________ with increased depth in Earth's crust and mantle.

Answer 70

Greater

Question 71

Metamorphic rocks are classified based on what?

Answer 71

Texture and mineral composition

Question 72

****Metamorphic rocks that contain distinct layers with parallel, flat, or elongated minerals are called?

Answer 72

Foliated rocks

Question 73

****What are metamorphic rocks that have mineral grains with a random, interlocking texture called?

Answer 73

Nonfoliated rocks

Question 74

What is one way that nonfoliated rocks are formed?

Answer 74

Contact metamorphism

Question 75

At these contacts, heat and gases from ___________ interact with surrounding rock, forming metamorphic rock.

Answer 75

Magma

Question 76

What is the formation of extremely large metamorphic rocks? This process can create an entire ______________ of metamorphic rock.

Answer 76

Regional metamorphism; mountain range