Critical Appriasal Feedback Flashcards
(45 cards)
What is the ideal study design for rare diseases?
Case control studies
They allow for the use of retrospective data to identify risk factors.
How does using objective criteria affect information bias?
It limits information bias when exposure is not reliably measured.
What is confounding in the context of study results?
It reduces the ability to attribute results solely to the exposure being considered.
What effect does confounding have on internal validity?
It reduces internal validity by failing to consider confounding factors.
What is the impact of bias on relative risk?
Bias can cause relative risk to shift either towards or away from the null hypothesis.
What is systematic bias?
It can lead to acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false or rejection when it is true.
What is attributable risk?
It indicates how many cases could have been prevented if exposure was present.
Define relative risk.
The prevalence of risk in a population with a risk factor compared to those without.
What does population attributable risk measure?
The proportion of the incidence of outcome in a population due to exposure.
What does it mean if a 95% CI does not cross the line of null effect?
It means that the confidence interval does not include the value of 1.
What causes type 1 errors?
Uncontrolled confounding.
List factors to improve generalizability of a study.
- Specific demographic characteristics prevalent in the study population
- Mention attrition rate in study
- Data collection process
- Specific confounding factors like gender, ethnicity, and occupation
- Conduct systematic review for stronger evidence body
- Longer follow-up to see outcome development over time
What is the effect of controlling for confounding factors?
It reduces type 1 statistical errors.
What are type 1 statistical errors?
Errors that occur when we reject the null hypothesis and it is a false positive.
What is misclassification bias?
A type of selection bias that occurs with systematic differences in classifying exposure and/or outcomes.
What is the ideal study design for rare diseases?
Case control studies
They allow for the use of retrospective data to identify risk factors.
How does using objective criteria affect information bias?
It limits information bias when exposure is not reliably measured.
What is confounding in the context of study results?
It reduces the ability to attribute results solely to the exposure being considered.
What effect does confounding have on internal validity?
It reduces internal validity by failing to consider confounding factors.
What is the impact of bias on relative risk?
Bias can cause relative risk to shift either towards or away from the null hypothesis.
What is systematic bias?
It can lead to acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false or rejection when it is true.
What is attributable risk?
It indicates how many cases could have been prevented if exposure was present.
Define relative risk.
The prevalence of risk in a population with a risk factor compared to those without.
What does population attributable risk measure?
The proportion of the incidence of outcome in a population due to exposure.
