H&S Paper Feedback Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is the largest proportion of incidence in breast cancer attributed to?
Excessive body weight
Excessive body weight is a significant risk factor for breast cancer, impacting incidence rates.
What does CINAHL stand for?
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
CINAHL is a research database providing access to nursing and health-related articles.
What is the purpose of a fish bone chart?
To explore the root cause of a problem
Fish bone charts are also known as Ishikawa diagrams.
At what age can one see an increase in life expectancy from not smoking?
40
Quitting smoking at this age can significantly improve life expectancy.
What is an advanced decision?
A valid and legally binding decision regarding withholding life-sustaining treatment
Advanced decisions are also referred to as advance directives.
What is cumulative meta-analysis?
A statistical process where studies are sequentially added to observe changes in overall effect size
This helps in understanding how the accumulation of evidence impacts results.
What does a fixed effect meta-analysis assume?
All studies estimate the same underlying true effect, with differences due to sampling error
This model treats treatment effects as constant across studies and any variation is attributed to chance/ t assumes the studies are homogenous.
When is a random effects meta-analysis used?
statistical technique used to combine data from multiple studies when there’s reason to believe that the true effects of the intervention or treatment being investigated might vary across studies. It’s particularly useful when there’s significant heterogeneity or variation in the observed effects across studies. When there is reason to believe that true effects vary across studies
It accommodates significant heterogeneity in observed effects.
What infection is a recognized cause of learning disability through fetal exposure?
Rubella
Rubella can have serious effects on the developing fetus.
What determines eligibility for subfertility?
Maternal age
Age is a critical factor in assessing fertility issues.
What does cost minimisation assume?
The cost of alternative treatments assuming outcomes are identical
This approach is used in economic evaluations of healthcare interventions.
What is a process chart?
A visual tool illustrating the sequential steps in a process or workflow
It helps organize tasks from beginning to end.
What is regression analysis used for in research?
To explore and quantify the relationship between dependent and multiple independent variables
It allows for predictions based on these relationships.
What does standard error measure?
The accuracy with which a sample represents a population mean compared to the true population mean. It is the spread of a mean, and is calculated via:
Standard deviation/ square root of sample size
A smaller standard error indicates more precise estimates.
What are the steps involved in the audit cycle?
- Defining standards
- Selecting a topic
- Measuring performance
- Analyzing results
- Implementing change
- Re-audit
These steps help ensure ongoing improvement in clinical practice.
What is triangulation in research?
A technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources
It enhances the credibility of research findings.
What does test-retest reliability measure?
The consistency of a test’s results over time when administered to the same individuals at two different time
It assesses stability assuming the measured characteristic is stable.
What is respondent validation?
A technique where researchers check initial findings with participants for accuracy and credibility
This ensures alignment between researcher interpretations and participant experiences.
What does reflexivity refer to in research?
The process of reflecting on the researcher’s role, biases, and relationships with the subject
It is crucial for maintaining objectivity in qualitative research.
What is a mediator variable?
A variable that explains how an independent variable affects a dependent variable
It clarifies the relationship by revealing mechanisms of effect.
What is the difference between a confounder and a mediator?
A confounder muddles the relationship, while a mediator clarifies it
Understanding both is important for accurate data interpretation.
What does construct validity refer to?
The extent to which a test measures the specific concept it intends to measure
It ensures that the measurement tool accurately captures the underlying theory.
What is sensitivity in medical testing?
A test’s ability to correctly identify those with a disease
Higher sensitivity reduces false negatives.
What is positive predictive value (PPV)?
The likelihood that a positive test result indicates the presence of the disease
It is influenced by the prevalence of the disease in the population.
