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Year 3 > Type 1 Diabetes > Flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is the fasting glucose level criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in symptomatic patients?

A

greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/l

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2
Q

What is the random glucose level criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in symptomatic patients?

A

greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/l

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3
Q

What is the fasting glucose level criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in asymptomatic patients?

A

greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/l

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4
Q

What is the random glucose level criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in asymptomatic patients?

A

greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/l

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5
Q

What further investigations are recommended for suspected type 1 diabetes in adults?

A

Measurement of C-peptide and/or diabetes-specific autoantibody titres

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6
Q

In which scenario should further testing for type 1 diabetes be considered?

A

If clinical presentation includes atypical features

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7
Q

What is the most common antibody found in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?

A

Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD)

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8
Q

What are islet cell antibodies (ICA)?

A

Antibodies against cytoplasmic proteins in the beta cell

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9
Q

Which antibody is commonly found mainly in younger children with type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin autoantibodies (IAA)

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10
Q

How often should HbA1c be monitored in adults with type 1 diabetes?

A

Every 3-6 months

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11
Q

What is the target HbA1c level for adults with type 1 diabetes?

A

48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or lower

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12
Q

What factors should be considered when determining HbA1c targets?

A

Daily activities, aspirations, likelihood of complications, comorbidities, occupation, history of hypoglycaemia

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13
Q

How many times a day should blood glucose be monitored?

A

At least 4 times a day

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14
Q

When should more frequent blood glucose monitoring be recommended?

A

If frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes increases, during illness, before/during/after sport, when planning pregnancy, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding

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15
Q

What are the blood glucose targets on waking?

A

5-7 mmol/l

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16
Q

What are the blood glucose targets before meals at other times of the day?

A

4-7 mmol/l

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17
Q

What type of insulin regimen is recommended for adults with type 1 diabetes?

A

Multiple daily injection basal-bolus insulin regimens

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18
Q

What is the regime of choice for twice-daily insulin?

A

Insulin detemir

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19
Q

What is an alternative to twice-daily insulin detemir?

A

Once-daily insulin glargine or insulin detemir

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20
Q

What type of insulin should be offered for mealtime insulin replacement?

A

Rapid-acting insulin analogues

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21
Q

What does NICE recommend regarding metformin for patients with type 1 diabetes?

A

Consider adding metformin if BMI >= 25 kg/m²

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22
Q

What is the fasting glucose level criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in symptomatic patients?

Study These Flashcards
A

greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/l

23
Q

What is the random glucose level criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in symptomatic patients?

Study These Flashcards
A

greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/l

24
Q

What is the fasting glucose level criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in asymptomatic patients?

Study These Flashcards
A

greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/l

25
What is the random glucose level criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in asymptomatic patients?
greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/l
26
What further investigations are recommended for suspected type 1 diabetes in adults?
Measurement of C-peptide and/or diabetes-specific autoantibody titres
27
In which scenario should further testing for type 1 diabetes be considered?
If clinical presentation includes atypical features
28
What is the most common antibody found in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?
Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD)
29
What are islet cell antibodies (ICA)?
Antibodies against cytoplasmic proteins in the beta cell
30
Which antibody is commonly found mainly in younger children with type 1 diabetes?
Insulin autoantibodies (IAA)
31
How often should HbA1c be monitored in adults with type 1 diabetes?
Every 3-6 months
32
What is the target HbA1c level for adults with type 1 diabetes?
48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or lower
33
What factors should be considered when determining HbA1c targets?
Daily activities, aspirations, likelihood of complications, comorbidities, occupation, history of hypoglycaemia
34
How many times a day should blood glucose be monitored?
At least 4 times a day
35
When should more frequent blood glucose monitoring be recommended?
If frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes increases, during illness, before/during/after sport, when planning pregnancy, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding
36
What are the blood glucose targets on waking?
5-7 mmol/l
37
What are the blood glucose targets before meals at other times of the day?
4-7 mmol/l
38
What type of insulin regimen is recommended for adults with type 1 diabetes?
Multiple daily injection basal-bolus insulin regimens
39
What is the regime of choice for twice-daily insulin?
Insulin detemir
40
What is an alternative to twice-daily insulin detemir?
Once-daily insulin glargine or insulin detemir
41
What type of insulin should be offered for mealtime insulin replacement?
Rapid-acting insulin analogues
42
What does NICE recommend regarding metformin for patients with type 1 diabetes?
Consider adding metformin if BMI >= 25 kg/m²
43
What should patients with type 1 diabetes not do if they are on insulin?
They must not stop it due to the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis ## Footnote Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious condition that can occur if insulin is abruptly discontinued.
44
How frequently should patients with type 1 diabetes check their blood glucose during sickness
Every 1-2 hours, including through the night ## Footnote Frequent monitoring helps prevent complications.
45
What additional levels should be considered checking regularly in patients with type 1 diabetes?
Blood or urine ketone levels ## Footnote Monitoring ketone levels helps assess the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis.
46
What should patients with type 1 diabetes aim to maintain regarding their meal pattern?
Normal meal pattern if possible ## Footnote Consistency in meals helps regulate blood glucose levels.
47
What can be used to replace meals if appetite is reduced in type 1 diabetes patients?
Carbohydrate-containing drinks such as milk, milkshakes, fruit juices, and sugary drinks ## Footnote These options provide necessary carbohydrates while accommodating reduced appetite.
48
How much fluid should patients with type 1 diabetes aim to drink daily?
At least 3 L (5 pints) ## Footnote Adequate hydration is crucial to prevent dehydration.
49
What should patients with type 1 diabetes not do if they are on insulin for sick day rules?
They must not stop it due to the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis ## Footnote Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious condition that can occur if insulin is abruptly discontinued.
50
What should patients with type 1 diabetes check their blood glucose in sick day?
Every 1-2 hours, including through the night Blood or urine ketone levels Maintain hydration
51
What should patients with type 1 diabetes aim to maintain regarding their meal pattern?
Normal meal pattern if possible ## Footnote Consistency in meals helps regulate blood glucose levels.
52
What can be used to replace meals if appetite is reduced in type 1 diabetes patients?
Carbohydrate-containing drinks such as milk, milkshakes, fruit juices, and sugary drinks ## Footnote These options provide necessary carbohydrates while accommodating reduced appetite.
53
How much fluid should patients with type 1 diabetes aim to drink daily in sick day?
At least 3 L (5 pints) ## Footnote Adequate hydration is crucial to prevent dehydration.

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