Testicular Cancer Flashcards
(37 cards)
What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?
Caucasian ethnicity
Previous history of testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection
Previous mumps orchitis infection
Klinefelter’s syndrome
What is the most common type of testicular cancer?
Germinal cell which includes seminomas, teratoma and mixed.
Germ cell tumours can increase the oestrogen:androgen ratio and resulting in gynaecomastia
What is the most common type of testicular cancer?
Seminoma, associated with older men
Which subtype of germ cell tumour are present in younger mean?
Teratomas
What is the presentation og testicular cancer?
Painless lump in the scrotum
What is first lime imaging for testicular cancer?
Scrotal ultrasound
What is the management of testicular cancer?
Radical orchidectomy
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
What is the initial management of testicular cancer?
Radical orchidectomy
Which treatment is ideal for seminoma?
Radiotherapy
What is a medical indication for circumcision related to difficulty in retracting the foreskin?
phimosis
Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis.
What condition characterized by inflammation of the glans may require circumcision?
recurrent balanitis
Recurrent balanitis is a common condition that can lead to the need for circumcision.
What is another medical indication for circumcision that involves a specific type of balanitis?
balanitis xerotica obliterans
This condition is a chronic inflammatory condition that can lead to scarring and requires surgical intervention.
What condition, which involves the inability to reduce the foreskin, is a medical indication for circumcision?
Paraphimosis
Paraphimosis occurs when the foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned to its original position.
What is the most common presenting symptom of testicular cancer?
a painless lump
The presence of a painless lump is often the first sign that leads to further investigation.
In testicular cancer, what symptom may occur in a minority of men?
pain
Pain is less common but can still occur in some cases of testicular cancer.
What is a common associated condition with testicular cancer that involves fluid accumulation?
hydrocele
A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle and can be seen in testicular cancer.
What hormonal change occurs in testicular cancer, leading to gynaecomastia?
increased oestrogen:androgen ratio
This hormonal imbalance can lead to the development of breast tissue in men.
In germ-cell tumours, what hormone is associated with Leydig cell dysfunction?
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can lead to increased levels of oestradiol and testosterone.
What type of testicular tumors directly secrete more oestradiol?
Leydig cell tumours
Leydig cell tumours can produce oestradiol from androgen precursors.
What tumor marker is elevated in around 20% of seminomas?
hCG
The elevation of hCG can be used in the diagnosis of seminomas.
What tumor markers are elevated in 80-85% of non-seminomas?
AFP and/or beta-hCG
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) are important for diagnosing non-seminomatous germ cell tumors.
What is the percentage of germ cell tumors that show elevated LDH?
around 40%
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can be a marker for germ cell tumors.
What is the first-line diagnostic tool for testicular cancer?
ultrasound
Ultrasound is typically the initial imaging study performed to evaluate testicular masses.
What is the most common subtype in testicular cancer?
Seminomas, where HCG and lactate dehydrogenase is elevated.
There will be Sheet like lobular patterns of cells with substantial fibrous component.
