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Year 3 > OSCE Cardiology Investigations > Flashcards

OSCE Cardiology Investigations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of an Electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart to identify arrhythmias, ischemia, myocardial infarction (MI), heart block, and other cardiac abnormalities.

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2
Q

How is an ECG performed?

A

Small electrodes are placed on the chest, arms, and legs to record the heart’s rhythm. The test is quick, painless, and safe.

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3
Q

What concerns might patients have about an ECG?

A

Patients may ask if it is uncomfortable. The response is that it’s not painful, just a brief pressure from the electrodes.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of an echocardiogram?

A

An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart’s structure and function, assessing valve function, chamber size, pumping efficiency, and detecting conditions like heart failure.

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5
Q

How is an echocardiogram conducted?

A

A gel is applied to the chest, and a transducer is moved over the skin to take images. It is a non-invasive procedure lasting about 30 minutes.

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6
Q

What might patients feel during an echocardiogram?

A

Patients will not feel anything during the procedure; it’s completely painless.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of a chest X-ray?

A

A chest X-ray provides a view of heart size and signs of fluid retention or lung congestion, indicating heart failure or other cardiac conditions.

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8
Q

How is a chest X-ray explained to patients?

A

It is a quick imaging test using radiation to take a picture of the chest, helping to see the heart, lungs, and any fluid buildup. They will need to remove any jewelry or clothing from your upper body.

You’ll be asked to stand in front of a machine. For most of the pictures, we’ll ask you to either stand or sit still and take a deep breath in or hold your breath for a few seconds while we take the picture.”

The X-ray machine itself won’t touch you, but you may need to step in and out of position as we take a few different pictures of your chest from various angles.

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9
Q

What concerns might patients have about a chest X-ray?

A

Patients may ask if it is safe. The response is that the amount of radiation used is very low and safe for most people.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of a stress test?

A

A stress test evaluates how the heart responds to stress, helping to detect coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmias, or assess overall heart function.

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11
Q

How is a stress test performed?

A

Patients either exercise on a treadmill or receive medication that mimics exercise while the heart is monitored.

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12
Q

What are some potential risks associated with a stress test?

A

Risks include shortness of breath, chest pain, heart rhythm changes, dizziness, high blood pressure, and rare risks for people with heart conditions.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of a Holter monitor?

A

A Holter monitor is a portable ECG worn for 24–48 hours to monitor heart rhythm and detect intermittent arrhythmias.

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14
Q

How is a Holter monitor explained to patients?

A

It is a small device worn on the body that continuously monitors heart activity while allowing for daily activities.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of coronary angiography?

A

Coronary angiography is an invasive procedure to check for blockages or narrowing in coronary arteries, often for diagnosing CAD.

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16
Q

How is coronary angiography conducted?

A

A catheter is inserted into an artery, and a special dye is injected to visualize the blood vessels around the heart on an X-ray.

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17
Q

What are potential risks of coronary angiography?

A

Risks include bleeding, infection, allergic reaction to dye, damage to blood vessels, heart arrhythmias, kidney problems, and rare chance of heart attack or stroke.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of a Cardiac MRI?

A

A Cardiac MRI provides detailed images of the heart’s structure and function, assessing the heart muscle, valves, and blood vessels.

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19
Q

How is a Cardiac MRI performed?

A

It uses powerful magnets to take images while the patient lies still in a large scanner for about 30–60 minutes.

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20
Q

What concerns might patients have during a Cardiac MRI?

A

Patients may be concerned about noise from the machine and feelings of claustrophobia.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of blood tests in cardiology?

A

Blood tests assess markers like troponin for myocardial infarction, BNP for heart failure, and lipid profile for cholesterol levels.

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22
Q

What does a troponin test indicate?

A

Troponin is used to diagnose myocardial infarction as it is released into the blood when heart muscle cells are damaged.

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23
Q

What does a BNP test assess?

A

BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is used to assess heart failure.

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24
Q

What does a lipid profile check?

A

A lipid profile checks cholesterol levels to assess the risk of coronary artery disease.

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25
What is troponin used for in heart health assessment?
Troponin levels help diagnose a heart attack ## Footnote Troponin is a protein released into the blood when heart muscle cells are damaged.
26
What does BNP stand for and what is its purpose?
BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is used to assess heart failure ## Footnote BNP levels increase when the heart is under stress or failing.
27
What does a lipid profile check?
Cholesterol levels to assess the risk of coronary artery disease ## Footnote Lipid profiles measure total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
28
What is a pacemaker?
A small device that helps regulate the heart's rhythm ## Footnote Pacemakers are often used for patients with slow or irregular heartbeats.
29
What symptoms might indicate the need for a pacemaker?
Dizziness, fainting, or fatigue ## Footnote These symptoms can arise from a heart that beats too slowly or irregularly.
30
Where is a pacemaker typically placed?
Under the skin, usually near the collarbone ## Footnote A lead is inserted into the heart to connect the pacemaker.
31
What is one risk associated with pacemaker implantation?
Bleeding or bruising at the implantation site ## Footnote This can occur at the site where the pacemaker is implanted.
32
What is another risk of pacemaker implantation?
Infection at the site of placement or along the lead ## Footnote Monitoring for redness, swelling, or warmth is important.
33
What rare complication can occur related to blood vessels during pacemaker placement?
Damage to blood vessels or the heart ## Footnote This is closely monitored during the procedure.
34
What may happen if the lead inserted into the heart shifts?
Abnormal heart rhythms may occur ## Footnote This could require another procedure to correct.
35
What is pneumothorax in the context of pacemaker placement?
A collapsed lung due to a small hole in the lung ## Footnote This complication is very uncommon but monitored closely.
36
What is a potential risk related to blood clots during pacemaker implantation?
Developing a blood clot at the insertion site ## Footnote This clot could potentially travel to the lungs or heart.
37
What heart rhythm issue can occur during or after pacemaker placement?
Arrhythmias or irregular heartbeats ## Footnote These are usually temporary and treated immediately.
38
What is a possible malfunction of a pacemaker?
The pacemaker could malfunction ## Footnote This may require checking, adjusting, or replacing the device.
39
What is the purpose of an Electrocardiogram (ECG)?
An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart to identify arrhythmias, ischemia, myocardial infarction (MI), heart block, and other cardiac abnormalities.
40
How is an ECG performed?
Small electrodes are placed on the chest, arms, and legs to record the heart's rhythm. The test is quick, painless, and safe.
41
What concerns might patients have about an ECG?
Patients may ask if it is uncomfortable. The response is that it’s not painful, just a brief pressure from the electrodes.
42
What is the purpose of an echocardiogram?
An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart's structure and function, assessing valve function, chamber size, pumping efficiency, and detecting conditions like heart failure.
43
How is an echocardiogram conducted?
A gel is applied to the chest, and a transducer is moved over the skin to take images. It is a non-invasive procedure lasting about 30 minutes.
44
What might patients feel during an echocardiogram?
Patients will not feel anything during the procedure; it's completely painless.
45
What is the purpose of a chest X-ray?
A chest X-ray provides a view of heart size and signs of fluid retention or lung congestion, indicating heart failure or other cardiac conditions.
46
How is a chest X-ray explained to patients?
It is a quick imaging test using radiation to take a picture of the chest, helping to see the heart, lungs, and any fluid buildup.
47
What concerns might patients have about a chest X-ray?
Patients may ask if it is safe. The response is that the amount of radiation used is very low and safe for most people.
48
What is the purpose of a stress test?
A stress test evaluates how the heart responds to stress, helping to detect coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmias, or assess overall heart function.
49
How is a stress test performed?
Patients either exercise on a treadmill or receive medication that mimics exercise while the heart is monitored.
50
What are some potential risks associated with a stress test?
Risks include shortness of breath, chest pain, heart rhythm changes, dizziness, high blood pressure, and rare risks for people with heart conditions.
51
What is the purpose of a Holter monitor?
A Holter monitor is a portable ECG worn for 24–48 hours to monitor heart rhythm and detect intermittent arrhythmias.
52
How is a Holter monitor explained to patients?
It is a small device worn on the body that continuously monitors heart activity while allowing for daily activities.
53
What is the purpose of coronary angiography?
Coronary angiography is an invasive procedure to check for blockages or narrowing in coronary arteries, often for diagnosing CAD.
54
How is coronary angiography conducted?
A catheter is inserted into an artery, and a special dye is injected to visualize the blood vessels around the heart on an X-ray.
55
What are potential risks of coronary angiography?
Risks include bleeding, infection, allergic reaction to dye, damage to blood vessels, heart arrhythmias, kidney problems, and rare chance of heart attack or stroke.
56
What is the purpose of a Cardiac MRI?
A Cardiac MRI provides detailed images of the heart’s structure and function, assessing the heart muscle, valves, and blood vessels.
57
How is a Cardiac MRI performed?
It uses powerful magnets to take images while the patient lies still in a large scanner for about 30–60 minutes.
58
What concerns might patients have during a Cardiac MRI?
Patients may be concerned about noise from the machine and feelings of claustrophobia.
59
What is the purpose of blood tests in cardiology?
Blood tests assess markers like troponin for myocardial infarction, BNP for heart failure, and lipid profile for cholesterol levels.
60
What does a troponin test indicate?
Troponin is used to diagnose myocardial infarction as it is released into the blood when heart muscle cells are damaged.
61
What does a BNP test assess?
BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is used to assess heart failure.
62
What does a lipid profile check?
A lipid profile checks cholesterol levels to assess the risk of coronary artery disease.
63
What is troponin used for in heart health assessment?
Troponin levels help diagnose a heart attack ## Footnote Troponin is a protein released into the blood when heart muscle cells are damaged.
64
What does BNP stand for and what is its purpose?
BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is used to assess heart failure ## Footnote BNP levels increase when the heart is under stress or failing.
65
What does a lipid profile check?
Cholesterol levels to assess the risk of coronary artery disease ## Footnote Lipid profiles measure total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
66
What is a pacemaker?
A small device that helps regulate the heart's rhythm ## Footnote Pacemakers are often used for patients with slow or irregular heartbeats.
67
What symptoms might indicate the need for a pacemaker?
Dizziness, fainting, or fatigue ## Footnote These symptoms can arise from a heart that beats too slowly or irregularly.
68
Where is a pacemaker typically placed?
Under the skin, usually near the collarbone ## Footnote A lead is inserted into the heart to connect the pacemaker.
69
What is one risk associated with pacemaker implantation?
Bleeding or bruising at the implantation site ## Footnote This can occur at the site where the pacemaker is implanted.
70
What is another risk of pacemaker implantation?
Infection at the site of placement or along the lead ## Footnote Monitoring for redness, swelling, or warmth is important.
71
What rare complication can occur related to blood vessels during pacemaker placement?
Damage to blood vessels or the heart ## Footnote This is closely monitored during the procedure.
72
What may happen if the lead inserted into the heart shifts?
Abnormal heart rhythms may occur ## Footnote This could require another procedure to correct.
73
What is pneumothorax in the context of pacemaker placement?
A collapsed lung due to a small hole in the lung ## Footnote This complication is very uncommon but monitored closely.
74
What is a potential risk related to blood clots during pacemaker implantation?
Developing a blood clot at the insertion site ## Footnote This clot could potentially travel to the lungs or heart.
75
What heart rhythm issue can occur during or after pacemaker placement?
Arrhythmias or irregular heartbeats ## Footnote These are usually temporary and treated immediately.
76
What is a possible malfunction of a pacemaker?
The pacemaker could malfunction ## Footnote This may require checking, adjusting, or replacing the device.
77
What is the purpose of an Electrocardiogram (ECG)?
An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart to identify arrhythmias, ischemia, myocardial infarction (MI), heart block, and other cardiac abnormalities.
78
How is an ECG performed?
Small electrodes are placed on the chest, arms, and legs to record the heart's rhythm. The test is quick, painless, and safe.
79
What concerns might patients have about an ECG?
Patients may ask if it is uncomfortable. The response is that it’s not painful, just a brief pressure from the electrodes.
80
What is the purpose of an echocardiogram?
An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart's structure and function, assessing valve function, chamber size, pumping efficiency, and detecting conditions like heart failure.
81
How is an echocardiogram conducted?
A gel is applied to the chest, and a transducer is moved over the skin to take images. It is a non-invasive procedure lasting about 30 minutes.
82
What might patients feel during an echocardiogram?
Patients will not feel anything during the procedure; it's completely painless.
83
What is the purpose of a chest X-ray?
A chest X-ray provides a view of heart size and signs of fluid retention or lung congestion, indicating heart failure or other cardiac conditions.
84
How is a chest X-ray explained to patients?
It is a quick imaging test using radiation to take a picture of the chest, helping to see the heart, lungs, and any fluid buildup.
85
What concerns might patients have about a chest X-ray?
Patients may ask if it is safe. The response is that the amount of radiation used is very low and safe for most people.
86
What is the purpose of a stress test?
A stress test evaluates how the heart responds to stress, helping to detect coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmias, or assess overall heart function.
87
How is a stress test performed?
Patients either exercise on a treadmill or receive medication that mimics exercise while the heart is monitored.
88
What are some potential risks associated with a stress test?
Risks include shortness of breath, chest pain, heart rhythm changes, dizziness, high blood pressure, and rare risks for people with heart conditions.
89
What is the purpose of a Holter monitor?
A Holter monitor is a portable ECG worn for 24–48 hours to monitor heart rhythm and detect intermittent arrhythmias.
90
How is a Holter monitor explained to patients?
It is a small device worn on the body that continuously monitors heart activity while allowing for daily activities.
91
What is the purpose of coronary angiography?
Coronary angiography is an invasive procedure to check for blockages or narrowing in coronary arteries, often for diagnosing CAD.
92
How is coronary angiography conducted?
A catheter is inserted into an artery, and a special dye is injected to visualize the blood vessels around the heart on an X-ray.
93
What are potential risks of coronary angiography?
Risks include bleeding, infection, allergic reaction to dye, damage to blood vessels, heart arrhythmias, kidney problems, and rare chance of heart attack or stroke.
94
What is the purpose of a Cardiac MRI?
A Cardiac MRI provides detailed images of the heart’s structure and function, assessing the heart muscle, valves, and blood vessels.
95
How is a Cardiac MRI performed?
It uses powerful magnets to take images while the patient lies still in a large scanner for about 30–60 minutes.
96
What concerns might patients have during a Cardiac MRI?
Patients may be concerned about noise from the machine and feelings of claustrophobia.
97
What is the purpose of blood tests in cardiology?
Blood tests assess markers like troponin for myocardial infarction, BNP for heart failure, and lipid profile for cholesterol levels.
98
What does a troponin test indicate?
Troponin is used to diagnose myocardial infarction as it is released into the blood when heart muscle cells are damaged.
99
What does a BNP test assess?
BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is used to assess heart failure.
100
What does a lipid profile check?
A lipid profile checks cholesterol levels to assess the risk of coronary artery disease.
101
What is troponin used for in heart health assessment?
Troponin levels help diagnose a heart attack ## Footnote Troponin is a protein released into the blood when heart muscle cells are damaged.
102
What does BNP stand for and what is its purpose?
BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is used to assess heart failure ## Footnote BNP levels increase when the heart is under stress or failing.
103
What does a lipid profile check?
Cholesterol levels to assess the risk of coronary artery disease ## Footnote Lipid profiles measure total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
104
What is a pacemaker?
A small device that helps regulate the heart's rhythm ## Footnote Pacemakers are often used for patients with slow or irregular heartbeats.
105
What symptoms might indicate the need for a pacemaker?
Dizziness, fainting, or fatigue ## Footnote These symptoms can arise from a heart that beats too slowly or irregularly.
106
Where is a pacemaker typically placed?
Under the skin, usually near the collarbone ## Footnote A lead is inserted into the heart to connect the pacemaker.
107
What is one risk associated with pacemaker implantation?
Bleeding or bruising at the implantation site ## Footnote This can occur at the site where the pacemaker is implanted.
108
What is another risk of pacemaker implantation?
Infection at the site of placement or along the lead ## Footnote Monitoring for redness, swelling, or warmth is important.
109
What rare complication can occur related to blood vessels during pacemaker placement?
Damage to blood vessels or the heart ## Footnote This is closely monitored during the procedure.
110
What may happen if the lead inserted into the heart shifts?
Abnormal heart rhythms may occur ## Footnote This could require another procedure to correct.
111
What is pneumothorax in the context of pacemaker placement?
A collapsed lung due to a small hole in the lung ## Footnote This complication is very uncommon but monitored closely.
112
What is a potential risk related to blood clots during pacemaker implantation?
Developing a blood clot at the insertion site ## Footnote This clot could potentially travel to the lungs or heart.
113
What heart rhythm issue can occur during or after pacemaker placement?
Arrhythmias or irregular heartbeats ## Footnote These are usually temporary and treated immediately.
114
What is a possible malfunction of a pacemaker?
The pacemaker could malfunction ## Footnote This may require checking, adjusting, or replacing the device.

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