Flashcards in 9.19 Injury, Inflammation, Healing 1 Deck (44):
1
The overall health of the cells impacts its ability to
- resist microorganisms
- recover from injury
2
Age-associated deterioration of cells leads to
tissue/organ deficiencies
3
Aging cells are less resistant to
- injury
- disease
4
Pathologic changes associated with aging vary widely from person to person, but usually involve:
a lack of functional reserve due to tissue or organ atrophy
5
What are the three theories on cellular aging?
- free radical theory
- telomere aging clock theory
- wear and tear theory
6
free radical theory
- oxidative process damages DNA
- produces an excess of free radicals
7
telomere aging clock theory
molecular clock signals senescence
8
What is senescence?
cells entering a dividing state
9
What can telomere dysfunction potentially tell us?
could be used as a malignancy marker
10
What may act as antioxidants? Why is this important?
- diet, exercise, hormones
- enhance the ability to resist aging
11
implications of research on improving aerobic capacity on aging?
increase in mitochondrial capacity in skeletal and cardiac muscle
12
wear and tear theory
heart and brain (organs with less regenerative capacity), signs of aging occur with use over time
13
What are the mechanisms of cell injury?
- ischemia
- infection
- immune
- genetic
- nutritional factors
- physical factors
- mechanical factors
- chemical factors
- psychosocial
14
ischemia
blood flow insufficient to maintain metabolic function
15
ischemia can result in
necrosis
16
What is a danger with infection?
sepsis can occur
17
What is sepsis?
- microorganisms or toxins have reached the level that they have spread through the body
- In the bloodstream
18
mechanisms of cell injury: immune
- allergy
- autoimmune disorder
19
What are examples of immune contributing to cell injury?
- anaphylaxis
- type I diabetes
20
Type I diabetes: What is happening?
antigens produce T-lymphocytes to attack islet cells
21
mechanisms of cell injury: genetic
(3 separate mechanisms)
- chromosones
- proteins
- mutations
interact with environment
22
Examples of genetic mech of cell injury
- Down's syndrome
- sickle cell anemia
- diabetes (Type II greater than Type I)
- HTN
23
genetic considerations: proteins
single mutation in a gene causes an abn folding of a proteins
24
mechanisms of cell injury: nutritional factors
- malnutrition limits cell replication
- vitamin or mineral deficiencies
25
Kwashiorkor caused by
protein deficiency
26
Marasmus caused by
general calorie deficiency
27
mechanisms of cell injury: physical factors
- trauma
- temperature
i.e. brain injury, sunburn, frostbite
28
mechanisms of cell injury: mechanical factors
adaptation vs. injury
- repeated stress
- single high load stress
29
mechanisms of cell injury: repeated stress
load, rate, forces (torsion, shear)
- hypertrophy
- atrophy
30
Examples of repeated stress causing cell injury
chronic tendinosis
31
What about chronic tendinitis suggests that acute inflammation phase has passed?
anti-inflammatory mediators are present
32
single high load stresses
- bone fx
- tendon ruptures
- etc.
33
mechanisms of cell injury: chemical factors
toxic substances in/outside the body
34
How are free radicals formed?
- in the body
- byproduct of metabolism
35
positive free radicals
part of the immune system
36
negative free radicals
in excess, can cause cell injury, including heart disease, CVA, diabetes
37
What are negative free radicals caused by?
- excessive exercise
- UV light
- pollutants
- tobacco smoke
etc.
38
What do antioxidants do?
neutralize free radicals
39
some antioxidants
- vitamins
- minerals
- moderate exercise
40
Fear, tension, and anxiety can influence
individual thresholds for tissue adaptation and injury
41
There is a correlation between job satisfaction and
injury risk
42
FABQ
fear avoidance belief questionnaire
43
There is a relationship between FABQ and
pain
44