Flashcards in 9.29 Immunity 3 Deck (26):
1
What is an antigen?
- foreign substance that enters the body
- bacteria, virus, parasite, etc.
2
What is an epitope?
a subunit of an antigen
- immunologically active site on the antigen that binds to a t-cell receptor
- creates an antigen response with antibody
3
How do immune cells recognize self?
- cell markers are unique to individual antigen
- cell markers determine which antigen to respond to and how strong
- cell markers allow communication between immune cells
4
What are antigens?
Y-shaped molecules with 2 antigen binding sites
5
Antibodies are produced by:
B cells
6
Antibodies consist of
2 identical heavy (H) and light (L) chains
7
The H chain includes
4-5 immunoglobulin domains
8
L chains are bound to
H chains
9
What are the other regions that do not contain antigen binding sites known as?
constant regions
10
What are immunoglobulins?
globulins with antibody activity
11
major functions of immunoglobulins?
- directly attack antigens by destroying and neutralizing
- activate complement system
- activate anaphylaxis by releasing histamines
- stimulate antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
12
Generation of diversity occurs through _______, resulting in _______ different types of immunoglobulins.
- gene rearrangement
- 10^9 to 10^11
13
MHC =
major histocompatibility complex
14
MHCs are how the body does this:
seeks out invaders and initiate a response
15
What is an MHC?
- a group of protein markers found on cell membranes
- promotes the immune system to recognize its own cells and distinguish them from foreign pathogens
16
Types of MHCs
- Class I: endogenous/cytosolic
- Class II: exogenous/endocytic
17
Where are Class I MHCs found? What are they used for?
- found on membranes of almost all of our cells
- used to differentiate between healthy and infected cells?
18
Where are Class II MHCs found? What are they used for?
- found on specific immune cells such as B cells, macrophages, and T cells
- help immune cells communicate with each other via the extracellular environment
19
T-cells recognize when:
something isn't supposed to be there
20
What are the categories of adaptive immune response?
- cell-mediated (T-cell immunity)
- humoral (B-cell immunity)
21
T cells and B cells both originate in
bone marrow
22
Cell mediated immunity (t-cell)
T lymphocytes travel from bone marrow to thymus to learn how to differentiate self from non-self
23
humoral immunity (b-cell)
B lymphocytes produce 5 Ig molecules
24
What are the Ig molecules produced by B lymphocytes?
- IgG
- IgM
- IgA
- IgD
- IgE
25
(T-cell/B-cell) immunity produces the most rapid immune response
B cell (humoral)
26