Flashcards in 9.21 Injury, Inflammation, Healing 8 Deck (32):
1
What are the chemical mediators of inflammation?
- histamine
- platelet-activating factor
- arachidonic acid derivatives
- cytokines
- blood coagulation, fibrinolytic, and complement systems
2
What are histamines?
mast cells circulating in the bloodstream
3
What is the function of the blood coagulation, fibrinolytic, and complement systems?
3 main blood systems that help in mediating inflammation
4
Mast cell synthesizes and stores this
histamine
5
What does histamine do?
- increases blood vessel permeability
- allows fluids and blood cells to flow into interstitial spaces
- potent vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor
6
histamine: time frame
- quick action
- lasts less than 30 mins
7
What does platelet-activating factor do?
- induces platelet activation and secretion
- activates smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes
- strengthens activity of other inflammatory mediators
8
How do platelet-activating factors strengthen the activity of other inflammatory mediators?
by bringing the others in to the area
9
How many pathways does arachidonic acid follow?
2
10
How does arachidonic acid go into the 2 pathways
- split off from damaged cell's membrane phospholipids
- metabolized into one of two pathways
11
What are the arachidonic acid pathways?
- cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway
- lipooxygenase pathway
12
Most NSAIDs control via this pathway
COX pathway
13
COX pathway »
- prostaglandins
- thromboxanes
14
prostaglandins involved in
- fever and pain responses
- vascular permeability
- neutrophil chemotaxis
15
thromboxanes involved in
- vasomotor tone
- platelet aggregation
16
lipooxygenase pathway »
leukotrienes
**respiratory response
17
leukotrienes involved in
- bronchoconstriction
- seen in later stages of inflammation
18
How do leukotrienes behave with respect to bronchoconstriction?
- similar to histamine
- slower, longer response
- later stages of inflammation only
19
What happens if we shut things down above arachidonic acid?
don't get COX pathway or lipooxygenase pathway responses
20
What is a med that shuts down arachidonic acid pathways?
steroids
21
If the body perceives an appropriate level of circulating steroids, what happens?
- won't produce more
- get a crash
22
If the body perceives an appropriate level of circulating steroids, what happens?
- won't produce more
- get a crash
23
Cytokines are produced by
leukocytes
24
examples of cytokine types
- IL-1
- interleukins
- tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
25
IL-1 and interleukins have these types of actions
local and systemic inflammatory actions
- metabolic
- hemodynamic
- hematologic
26
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is involved with these processes
- cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis
- lipid metabolism
- coagulation
- can induce many IL-1 factors except activation of lymphocytes
27
What are the 3 systems of clotting and bleeding?
- blood coagulation
- fibrinolytic
- complement
28
coagulation system
assembles and dissembles clots
29
fibrinolytic system
dissolves clots
30
complement system
inflammatory mediators
31
Where does phagocytosis fit in?
included with the clotting/bleeding systems because all chemical mediators attract phagocytic cells for removal of dead tissue/microorganisms as part of tissue healing
32