Cardiovascular Anatomy

Question 1

What is the base of the heart?

Answer 1

where the right ventricle meets the pulmonary artery

-at the R and L 2nd interspaces

Question 2

what is the apex of the heart?

Answer 2

the tapered tip of the left ventricle

posterior to the RV

Question 3

what is the apical impulse?

Answer 3

also called PMI (point of maximal impulse)

found at 5th interspace lateral to the midsternal line

Question 4

where is the inferior border of the heart?

Answer 4

below the junction of the sternum and the xiphoid process

Question 5

what is the PMI over the left ventricle?

Answer 5

it is more muscular and produces more pressure

Question 6

what is the posterior border of the heart?

Answer 6

the border of the left atrium

Question 7

systole

Answer 7

ventricular contraction

Question 8

diastole

Answer 8

ventricular relaxation

Question 9

atrial systole

Answer 9

atrial contraction

Question 10

atrial diastole

Answer 10

atrial relaxaion

Question 11

what is S1?

Answer 11

mitral and tricuspid valve closing

-you mostly hear mitral

Question 12

should valve make a noise when it opens?

Answer 12

no!

Question 13

what is S2?

Answer 13

aortic and pulmonic valve closing

-you mostly hear the aortic valve

Question 14

what happens during systole?

Answer 14

ventricles start to contract
AV valves close = S1
semilunar valves open (can't hear)
atrial relaxation and filling
ventricular pressure falls (blood is leaving)
semilunar valves close = S2

Question 15

what happens during diastole?

Answer 15

semilunar valves close = S2
AV valves open
ventricular relaxation and filling
atrial contraction
AV valves close = S1

Question 16

what is cardiac output?

Answer 16

amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in 1 minute

CO = HR x SV

Question 17

what is stroke volume?

Answer 17

amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat

-tested by the echocardiogram (gives a percentage of blood that comes out with each beat)

Question 18

what is the average CO?

Answer 18

60-80 mL

Question 19

what happens when CO falls?

Answer 19

body is not getting appropriately oxygenated

Question 20

preload

Answer 20

load that stretches the cardiac muscle prior to contraction

-the volume of blood in the R/L ventricle at the end of diastole (how much blood is in this space before it contracts)

Question 21

afterload

Answer 21

vascular resistance against which the ventricle must contract
-resistance to which preload has to go against

Question 22

what causes increased afterload?

Answer 22

HTN (vasoconstriction), atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis

-heart has to work harder to pump against small pipes

Question 23

myocardial contractility

Answer 23

ability of the cardiac muscle when given a load to shorten

Question 24

when does myocardial contractility increase?

Answer 24

sympathetic stimulation

Question 25

when does myocardial contractility decrease?

Answer 25

decreased oxygen delivery to myocardium

Question 26

sinoatrial node (SA node)

Answer 26

“pacemaker” sets up how fast the heart is going to beat

60-100 pulses per minute

Question 27

atrioventricular node (AV node)

Answer 27

delayed briefly

40-60 pulses per minute

Question 28

Bundle of His (AV Bundle)

Answer 28

interventricular bundle
20-40 bpm
(has a R and L branch)

Question 29

what is the P wave

Answer 29

atrial depolarization (atrial contraction)

Question 30

what is the QRS wave?

Answer 30

ventricular depolarization (ventrical contraction)

Question 31

what is the T wave?

Answer 31

ventricular repolarization (ventricular relaxation)

Question 32

what is the most important thing when you are dealing with CV complaint?

Answer 32

history