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Medicine > Nervous Tissue Anatomy > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the enteric neural system?

A

innervation of the gut

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2
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

having to do with the sympathetic and parasympathetic system

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3
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

having to do with the somatic motor neurons

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4
Q

what is the soma?

A

cell body of the neuron

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5
Q

what is the telodendria?

A

branching of the axon with the end-bulb

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6
Q

what is an axon collateral?

A

axon that juts off the major axon

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7
Q

what is the axon helliock, initial segment or trigger zone?

A

area where the first action potential will be generated

-where body of neuron and axon meet

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8
Q

what is the graded potential?

A

areas on the dendrites

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9
Q

what is the myelin sheath?

A

surrounds the axon

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10
Q

what do Schwann cells do?

A

lay down myelin only located in the peripheral nervous system
-one Schwann cell: one node of myelin

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11
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

lay down myelin in CNS

-can coat many cells

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12
Q

what are the nodes of Ranvier

A

spaces in between Schwann cells where action potentials jump to
-sodium and potassium voltage gated channels are here (not underneath the myelin)

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13
Q

what kind of ion channels do nerve cells have?

A

voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

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14
Q

what is the axolemma?

A

the plasma membrane of an axon

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15
Q

what is the neurolemma?

A

the plasma membrane of the Schwann cells

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16
Q

what are missile substance?

A

ribosomes within neuron cells

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17
Q

do CNS neurons regrow?

A

no other cells have to take over their function

-don’t have centrioles (they don’t divide)

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18
Q

what is a neuroglial cell?

A

small, tiny cell, more abundant

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of CNS neural cells?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocyte
ependymal
microglial

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of PNS neural cells?

A

Schwann cell

satellite cell

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of ligands in the body? (substance that binds to a receptor to initiate change)

A

neurotransmitters
hormones
drugs

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22
Q

what kind of ion channels do dendrites have?

A

ligand (chemically) gated

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23
Q

what kind of ion channels do axons have?

A

voltage gated

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24
Q

what is special about neurons?

A

multitude of neuron transmitters

multitude of ion channels

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25
Q

what ion channels are present on the axon?

A

sodium and potassium exlusively

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26
Q

what is the normal picture of neurons

A

hundreds and thousands of neural cells touching one another

27
Q

what is the main purpose of the dendrite?

A

increase receptive surface area of the neural cell

28
Q

what does anterograde mean?

A

moving neurotransmitter from cell body to synaptic end ball

  • uses kinesin
  • nutrients
  • enzymes
  • mitochondria
29
Q

which type of protein moves neurotransmitter from synaptic ball to cell body (retrograde)?

A

dynein

  • may send recycled membrane vesicles
  • growth factors
  • other chemicals
  • some diseases
30
Q

alzheimers mechanism

A

microtubules within neurons get tangles up and stop working

31
Q

what is afferent?

A

into the CNS (sensory)

32
Q

what is efferent?

A

away from the CNS (motor)

33
Q

what type of neurons are unipolar?

A 
sensory neurons (most sensory are unipolar)
-cell body is offset from axon
34
Q

what are interneurons?

A

transfer sensory information to CNS (have short axons)

35
Q

what is important about motor neurons?

A

cell body is located inside the CNS

usually multipolar

36
Q

where are bipolar neurons?

A

special senses (retina, olfactory)

37
Q

where in the brain are the Purkinge cells?

A

cerebellum

largest neuron in the entire CNS

38
Q

where are pyramidal cells found?

A

frontal lobe of brain in the precentral gyrus

39
Q

corticospinal pathway

A

from frontal lobe to body

40
Q

nociceptor

A

pain sensor

41
Q

spinothalamic track

A

in spinal cord, cross and receives information on the opposite side of brain where injury occurs
-parietal, post sensory cortex

42
Q

what does the astrocyte do?

A

it is the most abundant of the glial cells
helps the neuron get the nutrients that it needs
-good extracellular environment
-remove waste
-caretaker
-BBB
-fetal development

43
Q

components of BBB

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. thick basement membrane in capillaries
  3. foot processes of astrocytes sitting on top of the capillaries
44
Q

BBB works against us in which situations?

A

chemo

antibiotics

45
Q

where do primary brain tumors originate from?

A

glial cells (neurons can’t divide)

46
Q

most common type of brain tumor

A

astrocytoma

47
Q

what are the two types of astrocytes?

A 
protoplasmic
-present in gray matter
-many short branching processes
fibrous
-present in white matter
-many long unbranched processes
48
Q

what is the pia mater?

A

inner layer of meninges sitting right on the brain

49
Q

what does a microglia do (spider-like cells)?

A 
phagocytic function (remove cellular debris)
(brain has no lymphatic system other than these cells)
50
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

line the ventricular system of brain and central canal of the spinal cord

  • cuboidal/columnar have microvilli, cilia and tight junctions
  • produces and maintain the circulation of the CSF
51
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

synthesize and maintain the myelin sheath of axons in the CNS

52
Q

what is white matter?

A

nervous tissue that is myelinated

53
Q

what is gray matter?

A

nervous tissue that is non-myelinated

54
Q

how does myelin impact speed of conduction?

A 
unmyelinated = slower
myelinated = faster
55
Q

how does size of neural cell impact speed?

A 
wider = faster
thinner = slower
56
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

57
Q

what type of cell sits on top of the ganglion?

A

satellite cells

58
Q

what do satellite cells do?

A

regulate the exchange of materials between the neurons and the interstital fluid

59
Q

how much myelin do Schwann cells lay down?

A

specific ratio of axon diameter: myelin diameter

60
Q

how much do axons regrow if peripheral nerve is damaged?

A

1mm/day

61
Q

how many neurons are killed off when a fetus develops?

A

50-70% of the original ones

62
Q

where do motor neurons exit SC?

A

ventral root

63
Q

where do sensory neurons enter SC?

A

dorsal root

Medicine (146 decks)

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