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Medicine > Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Bone Tissue Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Function of bone tissue

A 
support
protect
movement
mineral homeostasis (Ca and P)
blood cell production (red bone marrow)
stores triglyceride (yellow bone marrow)
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2
Q

metaphysis

A

epiphysial plate (where diaphysis meets epiphysis)

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3
Q

medullary cavity

A

where yellow marrow is located (adipocyte generation)

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4
Q

embolus

A

a thing floating through the blood stream that shouldn’t be there causes a clot (PE)
-fat embolus can occur after fraction of a long bone that contains lots of fatty tissue

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5
Q

articulate cartilage

A

contains hyaline cartilage

-long healing due to lack of blood flow

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6
Q

periosteum

A

CT surrounding bone

  • outer layer has dense irregular CT
  • inner osteogenic layer for growth in thickness
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7
Q

appositional growth

A

growth in thickness of bone

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8
Q

sharpey’s fibers

A

think bundles of collagen that attach periosteum to underlying bone

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9
Q

endosteum

A

thin membrane lining medullary cavity (surrounds inner membrane)
-where bone forming cells are located

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10
Q

matrix of bone cell contains

A

15% water
30 % collagen
55% crystallized mineral (Calcium phosphate and crystals of hydrozyapatite)

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11
Q

hydrozyapaptite

A

combination of calcium phosphate and hydroxide

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12
Q

minerals contained in the bone tissue

A 
calcium carbonate
magnesium
fluoride
potassium
sulfate
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13
Q

hardness of bone depends on

A

amount of mineralized salts

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14
Q

flexibility of bone depends on

A

amount of collagen

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15
Q

osteoclast derives from

A

monocyte (many come together-50)
used to reabsorb bone tissues
-primarily in endosteum

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16
Q

osteogenic cell

A

unspecialized stem cell derived from mesenchyme,

  • daughter cells are osteoblasts
  • located in periosteum, endosteum and blood vessel canals within bone
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17
Q

osteoblasts

A

secrete collagen and matrix

initiate process of calcification

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18
Q

osteoid

A

matrix of bone tissue

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19
Q

osteocyte

A

so named when osteoblast has matured and it maintains current environment

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20
Q

osteon

A

haversion systems-repeating unit of compact bone

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21
Q

lamellae

A

rings surrounding Haversian canal

  • concentric (surrounding canal)
  • outer circumferential (outer layer of whole thing)
  • interstitial (in between concentric lamellae)
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22
Q

lacunae

A

spaces between concentric lamellae contain cell body of osteocytes

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23
Q

caniliculi

A

radiate in all directions from lacunae

-contain extracellular fluid

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24
Q

how do osteocytes communicate?

A

gap junctions

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25
Volkman canals
connect central Haversian canals
26
trabeculae
found in spongy bone consists of concentric lamellae and osteocytes in lacunae have no central canals
27
where is spongy bone located?
interior of flat bones short bones irregular bones sesamoid bones
28
what does spongy bone contain?
red bone marrow
29
which bone gets weakened first in osteoporosis
spongy bone
30
diploe
spongy bone sandwiched between layers of compact bone
31
trabeculae is organized so that it
resists stress without breaking
32
final arrangement of bone is finalized when
child is upright and walking
33
where is red bone marrow located in adults?
``` hip bones (pelvis) ribs sternum vertebrae proximal ends of humerus and femur ```
34
bone scan is read by looking at
hot and cold spots - hot spots indicate metabolisms that absorb more tracers (cancer, healing fractures, abnormal bone growth) - cold areas indicate decreased metabolism (weak area of bone, degenerative disease, decalcified bone, Paget's disease, rheumatoid arthritis)
35
ossification or osteogenesis
bone formation process used during infancy, childhood and adolescence throughout life and when repairing a fracture
36
intramembranous ossification
bones form within mesenchyme which is arranged in sheetlike membranes
37
endochondral
bones form within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme (replacing cartilage with bone)
38
bones that use intramembranous ossification to form are
``` flat bones of skull facial bones mandible medial portion of clavicle closing fontanelles of babies ```
39
interstitial growth
cells begin to separate from their neighbors in the example of chondrocytes
40
hyaline cartilage is laid down by
chondroblast
41
secondary ossification sites don't start working in infants until
after birth
42
in long bones, you would find hyaline cartilage
along epiphysial plates AND | at articular cartilage areas
43
perichondrium
precursor to the periosteum
44
vertical long bone growth stops at
puberty
45
zone of resting cartilage
place holder cartilage does not play an active role in bone growth (closest to epiphysis)
46
zone of proliferating cartilage
slightly larger chondrocytes and arranged like stacks of coins, they secrete matrix and they undergo interstitial growth
47
zone of hypertrophied cartilage
large, mature chondrocytes arranged in columns
48
zone of calcified cartilage
a few cells thick and contains dead chondrocytes that are surrounded by calcified matrix (closest to the diaphysis)
49
fractures through epiphyseal plate in childhood can result in
unequal bone lengths | especially in lower extremities
50
appositional growth
making bones grow thicker | creation of new osteons making periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
51
at any given time how much bone mass is being remodeled?
5%
52
renewal rate of compact bone
4% per year
53
renewal rate of spongy bone
20%
54
pathological fracture
when minor trauma or nothing causes a fracture (bone tumor, osteoporosis)
55
sequence of physiological growth of babies
1, neurological 2. weight bearing (muscles) 3. standing upright
56
contour/shaping of bones influenced by
muscles
57
spasticity
rigidity in the muscle (resist passive movement)
58
inability to walk
will cause problems with bone density, correct contour of bone)
59
osteoporosis
breakdown of bone occurs faster than making new bone
60
Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency in children
61
osteomalacia
vitamin D deficiency in adults
62
excess bone tissue
bone spurs (heals mostly)
63
Paget's disease
excessive proliferation of osteoclasts (too much spongy bone compared to compact bone) - pathologic fracture - deformity
64
function of vitamin A in bone
stimulates osteoblasts
65
function of vitamin C in bone
synthesis of collagen
66
function of vitamin K and B12 in bone
synthesis of bone proteins
67
function of vitamin D in bone
calcium absorption in the gut
68
insulin like growth factor (IGFs)
``` produced by liver and bone tissue HGH pathway (human growth hormone)-anterior pituitary ```
69
function of thyroid hormones in bone
affects bone growth
70
function of insulin in bone
helps build bone (anabolic)
71
function of sex hormone in bone
estrogen has protective affect in bone | puberty helps to grow bone
72
open (compound) fracture
penetrated the skin
73
greenstick fracture
torsion fracture (hair line fracture)
74
impacted (compression) fracture
pieces pushed together | common in vertebrae of old ladies
75
Pott's fracture
ankle fracture
76
Colle's fracture
wrist fracture
77
comminuted fracture
does not break through the skin, but breaks into 3 or more pieces
78
4 stages of bone fracture repair
1. a hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. bony callus forms 4. bone remodeling occurs
79
ORIF
open reduction internal fixation (realigns and places hardware to allow bone to heal correctly)
80
closed reduction
resetting bone without surgery
81
open reduction
resetting bone with surgery
82
osteogenic sarcoma
common in kids (lower femur or upper tibial)
83
normal serum Calcium level
9-11 mg/dl
84
high serum calcium could cause
cardiac arrest
85
low serum calcium could cause
respiratory arrest
86
places where PTH acts when it is called on by the PT
osteoclasts in bone gut to absorb calcium from food kidney to promote vitamin D which promotes calcium absorption from the gut

Medicine (146 decks)

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