Joints

Question 1

fibrous joints

Answer 1

permit little to no movement

bones held tightly by fibrous CT

Question 2

examples of fibrous joints

Answer 2

• sutures in skull
• syndesmoses (ligament connecting bone to bone)
• gomphosis (periodontal ligament-teeth and mandible and maxilla)
• interosseous membranes (radioulnal/tibialfibular)

Question 3

synostosis

Answer 3

sutures of the skull once they have fused

Question 4

synarthrosis

Answer 4

immovable joint

Question 5

amphiarthrosis

Answer 5

slightly movable joint

Question 6

diarthrosis

Answer 6

freely movable joint (synovial joints)

Question 7

examples of cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

epiphyseal plate
symphysis
intervertebral joints

Question 8

characteristics of cartilaginous joint

Answer 8

little or no movement

hyaline or fibrocartilage

Question 9

examples of synovial joint

Answer 9

most joints of body

Question 10

fibrous capsule

Answer 10

outside of joint capsule

made up of dense irregular CT

Question 11

synovial membrane

Answer 11

interior of joint capsule

Question 12

synovial fluid contains

Answer 12

nutrients, electrolytes, glucose, bathes the ends of the long bones

Question 13

synoviocytes

Answer 13

cells that make synovial fluid inside the membrane

Question 14

what is the function of the joint capsule

Answer 14

give the joint some stability and contains the synovial fluid

Question 15

fibular collateral ligament (LCL)

Answer 15

connects femur to fibula (lateral side of knee joint)

-extracapsular

Question 16

tibial collateral ligament (MCL)

Answer 16

connects femur to tibia (medial side of knee)

-extracapsular

Question 17

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Answer 17

connects knee joint inside

• intracapsular
• rupture allows tibia to move forward

Question 18

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Answer 18

connects knee joint inside

• intracapsular
• rupture allows tibia to move backward

Question 19

lateral meniscus

Answer 19

fibrocartilage

• cushions,
• shock absorption
• give congruence

Question 20

medial meniscus

Answer 20

fibrocartilage

-gives congruence

Question 21

bursa

Answer 21

sac-like structures to reduce friction

-knee and shoulder, where skin and muscles rub over bone

Question 22

tendon sheath

Answer 22

protects tendon at joint to reduce friction

-especially in tight joint areas

Question 23

retinaculum

Answer 23

structure that retains an organ or tissue in place

-CT structure that anchors tendon sheath and tendon in place

Question 24

enthesis

Answer 24

the specific site where muscle or ligament attaches to bone

Question 25

examples of ball and socket joints

Answer 25

shoulder and hip - move in three directions - ab/adduction - medial/lateral rotation - extension (front and back in sagittal plane)

Question 26

examples of hinge joints

Answer 26

true elbow joint (trochlea, capitulum) phalanges (PIP, DIP) -flex and extend in sagitall plane

Question 27

modified hinge joint

Answer 27

knee joint

Question 28

examples of pivot joint

Answer 28

``` radioulnar joint (contains anular ligament) -"nurse maids elbow" radius moves from out of the anular ligament ```

Question 29

examples of plane joints

Answer 29

carpal bones-glide slightly | tarsals

Question 30

opposition

Answer 30

movement of the thumb

Question 31

examples of saddle joint

Answer 31

thumb (carpal with trapezium)

Question 32

example of condyloid joint

Answer 32

metacarpals with proximal phalange (MCP) -flex and extend -ab/adduction wrist joint

Question 33

what joints are included in the knee?

Answer 33

femoropatellar | tibiofemoral (lateral and medial)

Question 34

shoulder sublux is common in

Answer 34

stroke patients shoulder is not able to contract (head of the humerus goes way down) -treatment is a sling

Question 35

three bones that contribute to the acetabulum

Answer 35

ischium pelvis ilium

Question 36

os coxae

Answer 36

hip bone

Question 37

what are the landmarks of the TMJ?

Answer 37

mandibular condyle | mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Question 38

what landmarks are associated with knee joint?

Answer 38

tibial plateau | femur condyle and patellar surface

Question 39

what is associated with ankle?

Answer 39

talus medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula (long healing time)

Question 40

what is the most congruent joint of the body?

Answer 40

ankle joint

Question 41

osteoarthritis

Answer 41

begins in the hyaline cartilage | -typically older pts or highly active younger pts

Question 42

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 42

starts in the synovial fluid and eats away at hyaline

Question 43

autoimmune disorders that have characteristics of joints

Answer 43

SLE ankylosing spondylitis gout psoriasis (psoriatic arthritis) polymyositis (inflammatory changes in the muscle with muscle weakness that then affects the joints) dermatomyositis (skin rash associated with polymyositis)

Question 44

osteophyte

Answer 44

bony overgrowth area associated with OA

Question 45

osteoarthritis affects which joints of the hands?

Answer 45

DIP (Heberden nodes) and PIP (Bouchard nodes)

Question 46

gout affects which joints

Answer 46

MTP

Question 47

what is the hallmark of RA?

Answer 47

red, hot inflammation | overgrowth of synovial membrane

Question 48

pannus

Answer 48

overgrowth of synovial membrane assoc with RA

Question 49

HLA

Answer 49

human leukocyte antigen

Question 50

which type of pathogen will more likely lead to an autoimmune presentation?

Answer 50

virus

Question 51

two most common cytokines related to inflammation

Answer 51

tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | interleukens

Question 52

rheumatoid nodules

Answer 52

inflammatory cells | usually on extensor surfaces