fibrous joints
permit little to no movement
bones held tightly by fibrous CT
examples of fibrous joints
- sutures in skull
- syndesmoses (ligament connecting bone to bone)
- gomphosis (periodontal ligament-teeth and mandible and maxilla)
- interosseous membranes (radioulnal/tibialfibular)
synostosis
sutures of the skull once they have fused
synarthrosis
immovable joint
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
diarthrosis
freely movable joint (synovial joints)
examples of cartilaginous joints
epiphyseal plate
symphysis
intervertebral joints
characteristics of cartilaginous joint
little or no movement
hyaline or fibrocartilage
examples of synovial joint
most joints of body
fibrous capsule
outside of joint capsule
made up of dense irregular CT
synovial membrane
interior of joint capsule
synovial fluid contains
nutrients, electrolytes, glucose, bathes the ends of the long bones
synoviocytes
cells that make synovial fluid inside the membrane
what is the function of the joint capsule
give the joint some stability and contains the synovial fluid
fibular collateral ligament (LCL)
connects femur to fibula (lateral side of knee joint)
-extracapsular
tibial collateral ligament (MCL)
connects femur to tibia (medial side of knee)
-extracapsular
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
connects knee joint inside
- intracapsular
- rupture allows tibia to move forward
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
connects knee joint inside
- intracapsular
- rupture allows tibia to move backward
lateral meniscus
fibrocartilage
- cushions,
- shock absorption
- give congruence
medial meniscus
fibrocartilage
-gives congruence
bursa
sac-like structures to reduce friction
-knee and shoulder, where skin and muscles rub over bone
tendon sheath
protects tendon at joint to reduce friction
-especially in tight joint areas
retinaculum
structure that retains an organ or tissue in place
-CT structure that anchors tendon sheath and tendon in place
enthesis
the specific site where muscle or ligament attaches to bone
examples of ball and socket joints
shoulder and hip
- move in three directions
- ab/adduction
- medial/lateral rotation
- extension (front and back in sagittal plane)
examples of hinge joints
true elbow joint (trochlea, capitulum)
phalanges (PIP, DIP)
-flex and extend in sagitall plane
modified hinge joint
knee joint
examples of pivot joint
radioulnar joint (contains anular ligament) -"nurse maids elbow" radius moves from out of the anular ligament
examples of plane joints
carpal bones-glide slightly
tarsals
opposition
movement of the thumb
examples of saddle joint
thumb (carpal with trapezium)
example of condyloid joint
metacarpals with proximal phalange (MCP)
-flex and extend
-ab/adduction
wrist joint
what joints are included in the knee?
femoropatellar
tibiofemoral (lateral and medial)
shoulder sublux is common in
stroke patients
shoulder is not able to contract
(head of the humerus goes way down)
-treatment is a sling
three bones that contribute to the acetabulum
ischium
pelvis
ilium
os coxae
hip bone
what are the landmarks of the TMJ?
mandibular condyle
mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
what landmarks are associated with knee joint?
tibial plateau
femur condyle and patellar surface
what is associated with ankle?
talus
medial malleolus of tibia
and lateral malleolus of fibula
(long healing time)
what is the most congruent joint of the body?
ankle joint
osteoarthritis
begins in the hyaline cartilage
-typically older pts or highly active younger pts
rheumatoid arthritis
starts in the synovial fluid and eats away at hyaline
autoimmune disorders that have characteristics of joints
SLE
ankylosing spondylitis
gout
psoriasis (psoriatic arthritis)
polymyositis (inflammatory changes in the muscle with muscle weakness that then affects the joints)
dermatomyositis (skin rash associated with polymyositis)
osteophyte
bony overgrowth area associated with OA
osteoarthritis affects which joints of the hands?
DIP (Heberden nodes) and PIP (Bouchard nodes)
gout affects which joints
MTP
what is the hallmark of RA?
red, hot inflammation
overgrowth of synovial membrane
pannus
overgrowth of synovial membrane assoc with RA
HLA
human leukocyte antigen
which type of pathogen will more likely lead to an autoimmune presentation?
virus
two most common cytokines related to inflammation
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
interleukens
rheumatoid nodules
inflammatory cells
usually on extensor surfaces
