Electrolytes

Question 1

what is a major cation in the extracellular space?

Answer 1

sodium (test question)

Question 2

hyponutremia

Answer 2

low sodium

Question 3

what does sodium content indicate?

Answer 3

balance between dietary sodium intake and renal excretion

Question 4

when do you lose sodium?

Answer 4

when you sweat

Question 5

what are critical sodium values?

Answer 5

<160

Question 6

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 6

retains sodium (reabsorbs)-distal tubule, excretes potassium

Question 7

water follows what?

Answer 7

sodium

Question 8

who is best buds with sodium?

Answer 8

chloride

Question 9

what does ADH do?

Answer 9

released from posterior pituitary
holds water in
-alcohol inhibits ADH

Question 10

when will ADH be released?

Answer 10

increased osmotic gradient

decreased vasopressure

Question 11

what is the recommended Na intake?

Answer 11

1500mg/day (test question)

Question 12

fatigue, confusion, muscle twitches and death are symptoms for what?

Answer 12

hypernatremia

Question 13

nausea, seizures, coma and death are symptoms for what?

Answer 13

hyponatremia

Question 14

what type of tube will sodium serum be drawn into?

Answer 14

red or green

Question 15

what is the major intracellular cation?

Answer 15

potassium

Question 16

what are critical K values?

Answer 16

6.5

Question 17

what foods contain potassium?

Answer 17

tomatoes, potatoes, bananas

Question 18

what controls K levels?

Answer 18

aldosterone (increase renal loss of potassium)

Question 19

how does acid base balance influence serum potassium?

Answer 19

in alkalosis = K goes in, hydrogen goes out (makes serum more acidotic)
in acidosis = K goes out and H goes in (makes serum more alkalotic)

Question 20

how is serum K collected?

Answer 20

red or green top

Question 21

weakness, paralysis, hyporeflexia, ileus and cardiac dysarhythmia are symptoms of what?

Answer 21

hypokalemia

Question 22

irritiability, nausea, vomiting, intestinal colic and diarrhea are symptoms of what?

Answer 22

hyperkalemia

Question 23

what is the major extracellular anion?

Answer 23

chloride (follows sodium)

Question 24

how does chloride compensate for acid/base imbalance?

Answer 24

chloride goes in while bicarb comes out (makes serum alkalotic)
chlorides goes out while bicarb comes in (makes serum acidotic)

Question 25

what top tube do you draw chloride in?

Answer 25

red or green

Question 26

hyperchloridemia

Answer 26

increase serum chloride

Question 27

when sodium levels are off, what's the problem?

Answer 27

water, water, water

Question 28

where does venous bicarb level come from?

Answer 28

CO2 breakdown of carbonic acid gives CO2 and bicarb total CO2 is in the veins

Question 29

what are critical values of bicarb?

Answer 29

<6 | normal is 23-30

Question 30

how do you collect bicarb?

Answer 30

red or green top

Question 31

when do you stop making bone?

Answer 31

30 yo

Question 32

what do you need to absorb calcium?

Answer 32

vitamin D

Question 33

how does PTH work?

Answer 33

triggered by low Ca serum 1. absorb Ca from GI 2. absorb Ca from kidneys 3. resorb Ca from bone (break down bone)

Question 34

which type of calcium is "active"

Answer 34

ionized Ca (free)

Question 35

which type of calcium is "bound"

Answer 35

bound to protein

Question 36

how do you correct the total calcium level?

Answer 36

0.8 ( 4.0-serum albumin) + total calcium | = corrected calcium

Question 37

what do you have to do if you want to know the ionized Ca?

Answer 37

order an ionized Ca test

Question 38

what are the most common causes of hypercalcemia?

Answer 38

1. hyperparathyroidism 2. cancer 3. excessive vitamin D intake

Question 39

anorexia, N/V, somnolence, confusion and constipation are symptoms of what?

Answer 39

hypercalcemia

Question 40

nervousness, tetany and excitability are symptoms of what/

Answer 40

hypocalcemia

Question 41

who is buddies with calcium?

Answer 41

phosphorus

Question 42

when phosphorus is normally high,

Answer 42

calcium is usually low

Question 43

what happens when phosphorus gets low?

Answer 43

they don't breathe (need atp)

Question 44

where is phosphorus absorbed?

Answer 44

in small bowel

Question 45

what do kidneys do with phosphorus?

Answer 45

excrete (when they fail, phosphorus levels go up)

Question 46

why is calcium low in kidney failure?

Answer 46

you don't have active vitamin D

Question 47

what is critical value of phosphorus?

Answer 47

<1 mg/dl

Question 48

what tube is used to collect phosphorus?

Answer 48

red top

Question 49

where is phosphorus stored?

Answer 49

intracellular

Question 50

how does antacid work to decrease phosphorus?

Answer 50

binds with phosphorus in food and is excreted through GI

Question 51

where is magnesium found in the body?

Answer 51

intracellularly

Question 52

how is magnesium removed from the body?

Answer 52

kidneys

Question 53

which tube is magnesium collected in?

Answer 53

red or green top